PREHISTORIC NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 545 



The canoe was 42 feet long, dug out of oak; its width and breadth 

 correspond to that of Brigg, with which it has great similarity. The 

 grooves at the stern end were quite distinct where the board had been 

 fitted in; the most remarkable feature in this canoe is the prow, which 

 is shaped like the head of an animal. 



About one-third of this ])oat, the front part, is now in the museum of 

 the Antiquarian Society of Edinburgh; the aft end was so much 

 broken after having been exposed to the air for some time that it was 

 not worth preserving. 



The photograph Avas made from a sketch made on the spot by I'rof. 

 James Geikie, of the (reological Survey. 



This type liuds numerous representatives in the JJritish Isles. In and 

 about (rlasgow alone more than twenty canoes have been discovered 

 and exluimed at various times. ^ They were met with at different 

 depths, ranging from 10 to 20 feet below the present surfac(? of the 

 land, in strata of sand, gravel, and clay that indicate marine conditions 

 for these deposits over the brond estuary of the Clyde, on which Glas- 

 gow is now built. Marine shells have been found in the strata sur- 

 rounding the canoes as well as attached to their wood." 



Five of these boats hiy buried in silt under tlie streets of Glasgow, 

 one in a vertical position with the prow uppermost, as if it liad sunk in a 

 storm. Twelve other canoes were found about 100 yards back from the 

 river at tlie average depth of about 19 feet from tlie surface of the soil, 

 or 7 feet above liigh-water mark, but a few of them were only 4 or 5 feet 

 deep, and consequently more than 20 feet above the sea level. One was 

 sticking in tlu^ sand at an angle of 45 degrees, another had been cap- 

 sized and lay bottom ui)permost ; all the rest were in horizontal positioi'S, 

 as if they had sunk in smooth water.-' 



Nearly all of these boats were formed out of a single oak stem, hol- 

 lowed out by blunt tools; some were cut smooth, evidently with metal- 

 lic tools. Hence a gradation could be traced fi*om a pattern of extreme 

 rudeness to one showing no small mechanical ingenuity. Two of them 



' Geikie, Jamen : The Great Ice Age; London, 1874, p. 212. BiHothe.ca Topog. Brit.; 

 No. 2, Part in, p. 242. Beauties of Scotland; Vol. ni, p. 419. Chapman, 11.: Picture 

 of Glasgow; p. 1.52. Chamhern, R.: Ancient Sea Margins; pp. 18, 158, 203-209. 

 Buchanan, John: Glasgow Past and Present; 1856. (reoloijical Society of Glasgow, 

 Transactions; Vol. in, p. 370. Nimmo: History of Stirlingshire; 2d edition, p. 74. 

 New Statistical Account of Scotland: Article Errol ; also Vol. vi, i). 601. Davis, J. W.: 

 Geology of Tremadoc. Carnarvonshire ; in Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, 

 May, 1846. Gentleman's Miujazine. Stuart Bob: Views and Notices of Glasgow in 

 Former Times. Old Enc/tand. Glasgow Delineated; 1826. Currie, Alex.: In Proc. 

 Geolog. Soc. Glasgow; Vol. m, pt. 2, p. 370. British Assoc. Adv. Sci.; Report 1858, 

 p. 80. Liirll, Sir Charle><: Antiq. of Man; 1st edition, j). 48. Macgeorge, A.: Old 

 Glasgow; 1880, p. 2.50. Buchanan, J.: Ancient Canoe.s found at Glasgow; in Brit. 

 Assoc. Rep., 1858. Geikie, James: Geol. Quart. .lourn., Vol. xviii, p. 224; 1862. 



- Chambers, B.: Ancient Sea Margins; Jordan Hill: Mem. Wern. Soc, Vol. viii, 

 1884. 



'■^Bnchanan, J., in Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1858, p. 80; Ghisgow, Past and Present, 1856, 

 SM 91, PT 2 35 



