THE MINNESOTA 
HORTICULTURIST. 
VOL. 23 JUNE, 1895. NO. 5. 
SPRAYING SUMMARY. 
FROM MARCH 1895, BULLETIN NO. 86, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 
PROF. E. G. LODEMAN. 
1. Hand pumps have proved the most satisfactory machine for 
spraying apple orchards. 
2. Power sprayers have proven unsatisfactory because they do 
not throw enough liquid, and they do not throw the spray far 
enough. 
3. Power sprayers are excellent machines to use in spraying 
grapes and low growing plants. 
* * * * * * 
6. The two most important applications made for combatting the 
apple-scab consist of the one whichis made just before the blossoms 
open and the one made as soon as they fall. 
7. If athird treatment is advisable, it should be made about two 
weeks after the falling of the blossoms. 
8. The use of three gallons of Bordeaux mixture upon bearing 
trees from twenty-five to thirty years of age seems to be advisable; 
for a part of the beneficial action of this fungicide may be the 
lessening of insect, especially curculio, injuries. 
9. Former applications of the Bordeaux mixture upon the trees of 
this orchard appear to possess little value in perfecting the crop 
this year, but all circumstances were not favorable to an accurate 
experiment regarding this point. 
10. The early use of the copper sulphate solution may be of value 
if orchards are uniformly and thoroughly sprayed withit. In our 
experimental orchard, with unsprayed trees as probable sources of 
infection, the value of such treatments has not been very marked. 
11. London purple possesses no fungicide properties. 
12. Former applications of arsenites appear to have exerted no in- 
fluence in suppressing insect ravages during the past season. 
13. If only one substance is applied to apple orchards, it should, 
generally, be Paris green. 
14. Spraying orchards in some cases increases the yield of fruit 
from practically nothing to a full crop, but in other cases the oper- 
ation is followed by nearly negative results in this direction. 
15. It is doubtless true that much of the failure of apple orchards 
to bear is due to the want of proper fertilization and cultivation. 
16. The true cause ofthe formation of rusty apples is obscure, but 
the character of the season appears to influence the severity of the 
attack. 
