138 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BACTERIA. 
ify at all the action of soluble ferments. Accord- 
ing to Dumas, borax has, on the contrary, the 
property of entirely destroying the activity of 
soluble ferments without absolutely preventing 
certain true fermentations,—for example, the al- 
coholic fermentation of glucose. We will see fur- 
ther on that this property of borax has been 
utilized in the treatment of catarrh of the blad- 
der and of certain virulent affections. 
Although at first view these two groups of phe- 
nomena seem very different, they may, however, 
be compared the one with the other. Without 
speaking of the ammoniacal fermentation of urine, 
which, as we shall shortly see, may be arranged in 
either of these groups, we may admit that the only 
difference between these two series of chemical 
modifications consists in the fact that in one case 
the true fermentations being the last term in the 
interior nutrition of the cell have their seat in 
the interior of the cell itself; while in the other 
the first terms of nutrition are always extra-cellu- 
lar phenomena, having for effect, as Cl. Bernard 
has shown, to render assimilable or diffusible in the 
interior of the organism the aliment necessary to 
the development of every organized being (trans- 
formation of starch into glucose, of sugar into 
glucose, emulsion of fats, liquefaction of albumi- 
noid substances). 
The study, from a chemical point of view, of 
these phenomena of nutrition, of these fermenta- 
tions, since such is their name, has not yet made 
much progress, and it would be difficult to make a 
rational classification of them in the present state 
