EUMINANTIA. 361 



these, the true Elks, represented by the living Moose {Alces 

 malchis, or A. palmahcs), are distinguished by their antlers 

 without either basal or mesial " tynes," but terminated by a 

 great palmation digitated on its outer side only. Antlers of 

 a species undistinguishable from the existing Moose have 

 been found not uncommonly in Post-Tertiary deposits in 

 various parts of Europe, but this animal does not make its 

 appearance till after the close of the Glacial period. 



The Keindeer (Cervus tarandus) of Northern Europe and 

 North America is remarkable for being the only member of 

 the Cervidce in which both sexes have horns. The horns 

 are of large size, cylindrical, divided, with basilar and 

 median tynes. Remains of the Eeindeer are found, often in 

 considerable abundance, in various Post-Pliocene deposits in 

 Europe, extending as far south as the Pyrenees. 



Intermediate between the Eeindeer and the Fallow Deer 

 is the celebrated Post-Pliocene species, which is commonly 

 known as the " Irish Elk " ( Cervus megaceros or Megaccros 

 Hibernicus). This extinct form (fig. 651) is remarkable for 

 its great size and for the enormous dimensions of the spread- 

 ing antlers, which are expanded towards their extremities, 

 and attain an expanse of as much as ten feet from tip to tip. 

 The Cervus megaceros is exclusively Post-Tertiary, but does 

 not appear, so far as is known with certainty, to have sur- 

 vived into the Historic period. 



The true Stags {Cervus), to which the Irish Elk seems 

 properly to belong, are typified by such species as the Pted 

 Deer {Cervus elaphus) of Europe, and the Wapiti {Cervus 

 Canadensis) of North America. The former of these occurs 

 in a fossil state in Post-Pliocene and Recent deposits in 

 Europe, and the latter is represented in accumulations of the 

 same age in America by a closely-allied or identical form. 

 Another remarkable type of Stag, now wholly extinct, is the 

 Cervus Scdgioickii of the Norfolk " Forest-Bed " (Post-Plio- 

 cene), in which the antlers have a very complicated form. 



The Roebuck {Capreolus caprma), distinguished by its 

 branched antlers, with a median, but without a basilar, tyne, 

 is also known in a fossil condition in Post-Pliocene deposits 

 in . Europe, appearing before the commencement of the 



