382 



ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. 



dionalis of the European Pliocene (fig. 6G5), and the Post- 

 Pliocene U. Melitensis of Malta. 



3. Stegodon. — Molars with mammillated tubercles arranged 

 in transverse rows, the number of which is nearly equal in 



Fig. 604. — Grinding surface of molar tooth of Ekphas planifrons, one-third of the 

 natural siiie. Upper Miocene, India. (After Falconer.) 



all the molars. The " ridge-formula " of Elephas {Stegodon) 

 insignis is 7 + 8 -f 10. The amount of cement in the molars 

 is much less than in Eudephas and Loxodon, and the promi- 

 nence of the ridges is very conspicuous. The section may be 

 regarded as intermediate between the typical Elephants and 

 the Mastodons, and it comprises the extinct Elephas Cliftii, 

 E. honihifrons, E. Gancsa, and E. insignis of the Upper 

 Miocene (Siwalik formation) of India, the last mentioned of 

 these extending its range into the Pliocene of the same 

 country. 



The Elephants appear for the first time in the Upper 

 Miocene (Siwalik formation) of India, in which we meet with 

 types of all the three sections of the genus {Encle2)lias, 

 Loxodon, and Stegodon). In tlie Pliocene period, we find 

 species of Elephants widely distributed over Britain, Europe, 

 Asia, and Xorth America. Of the European Elephants of 

 this period, one of the most important is the Elephas 

 (Euelephas) antiquus, a molar tooth of which is here figured 

 (fig. 666). 



This is essentially a southern form, and is found in 

 Pliocene strata in France and Italy. It survived the Glacial 

 period, and is found abundantly in various Post-Pliocene 

 deposits. It abounded in Post - Pliocene times chiefly in 

 Southern Europe, soutli of the Alps and Pyrenees ; and it is 



