THE CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN FLORAS. 455 



The Ccdamites grew in dense brakes on the sandy and muddy 

 flats, subject to inundation, or perhaps even in the water, 

 and they had the power of budding out from the base of the 

 stem, so as to form clumps of plants, and also of securing 



Fig. lai .—Ccdamites cannceformis. Carboniferous of Europe and North America. 



their foot-hold by numerous cord-like roots proceeding from 

 various heights on the lower part of the stem. The fruit 

 was a long cone or spike, bearing spore-cases under scales " 



