474 



PALiEOBOTANY. 



yielded a great number of plants, many of which are 

 identical with species found in the European Miocene. 

 Amongst these plants are found many trees, such as conifers, 

 beeches, oaks, maples, plane-trees, walnuts, magnolias, &c., 



Pig. 721. — Platanvs aceroides. a, 

 Leaf ; h, The core of a bundle of peri- 

 carps ; c, A single fruit or pericarp, 

 natural size. Upper Miocene. 



Fig. 722. — Cinnamo- 

 nnmn polymorphum. a, 

 Leaf; b. Flower. Upper 

 Miocene. 



with numerous shrubs, ferns, and other smaller plants. 

 With legard to the Miocene flora of the Arctic regions, Sir 

 Charles Lyell remarks that " more than thirty species of 

 Coniferee have been found, including several Sequoias (allied 

 to the gigantic Welliugtonia of California), with species of 

 TJwjopsis and Salisburia, now peculiar to Japan. There are 

 also beeches, oaks, planes, poplars, maples, walnuts, limes, 

 and even a magnolia, two cones of which have recently been 

 obtained, proving that this splendid evergreen not only lived 

 but ripened its Iruit within the Arctic circle. Many of the 

 limes, planes, and oaks were large-leaved species ; and both 

 flowers and fruits, besides immense quantities of leaves, are 

 in many cases preserved. Among the shrubs are many ever- 

 greens, as Andromeda, and two extinct genera, Daphnogcne 

 and Il'ClintocJda, with fine leathery leaves, together with 

 hazel, blackthorn, holly, logwood, and hawthorn. A species 

 of Zamia {ZmniUs) grew in the swamps, with Potamogcton, 

 Sparganium, and Menyanthcs ; while ivy and vines twined 

 around the forest-trees, and broad-leaved ferns grew beneath 

 their shade. Even in Spitzbergen, as far north as lat. 78 



