| 
of New-York and New-Jersey, &e. 193 
waters that for near one hundred miles of their course de- 
scend eastward from the primitive mountains ; many of these 
streams have their origin from extensive lakes and run forty 
miles in mountainous districts. 
From Patterson to Springfield the trap ridges are called 
first and second Newark mountain and Caldwell mountain ; 
their direction is nearly south, preserving a great uniformity 
of altitude—as seen from New-York they mark an even 
line on the western horizon—the eastern side is steep, the 
western of gradual descent, a description applicable to 
most of the mountains of New-York and New-Jersey—it 
is observable at the alluvial Highlands of Neversink, the 
primitive mountains of Staten-[sland and New-Jersey, the 
green hills of Long-Island, at the Palisado and at the Shawan- | 
gunk and Kattskill mountains. condary greenstone of a_ 
uniform character, no way differing from that at Passaic 
falls is the only summit rock, in place, observed on the first 
and second Newark mountain, but except in the vicinity-of 
Patterson and Springfield, mural precipices are seldom seen. 
The mountains side is, wherever ledges appear, covered with 
small amphorous stones—red sandstone is observed in place 
on the sides and at the base and is supposed to lie under 
the Newark ranges. The eastern side of the mountain is 
much of it cultivated to a considerable height ; the soil is 
red from the disintegration of sandstone ; the summit and 
western declivity is in general occupied by coppice, of small 
ak, chestnut, walnut, butternut and cedars. The second 
Newark mountain running a parallel course and distant 
tain is presented an extensive, rich, thickly settled and high- 
nearly level plain—the meadows and fields of grain pre~ 
