CONIFER. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
89 
JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS. 
Red Cedar. 
STAMINATE flowers elongated. Fruit small, subglobose ; seeds usually two. Leaves 
opposite, acute or acuminate, glandular. 
Juniperus Barbadensis, Linnzus, Spec. 1039 (1753). — 
Lamarck, Dict. ii. 627. — Michaux, FV. Bor.-Am. ii. 245. — 
Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 851. — Pursh. FU. Am. Sept. ii. 
647. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245; Sylva, iii. 96. — Sprengel, 
Syst. iii. 909. —Maycock, F7. Barb. 394. — Loudon, Ard. 
Brit. iv. 2504. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 
592.— Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. 326 (Plant 
Life of Alabama); Bull. No. 31 Div. Forestry U. 8. 
Dept. Agric. 37, t. 2. 
Juniperus Bermudiana, Lunan, Hort. Jam. i. 84 (not Lin- 
nus) (1814). — Rafinesque, Med. FI. ii. 13 (in part). — 
Gordon, Pinetwm, 101 (in part). — Henkel & Hochstetter, 
Syn. Nadeth. 328 (in part). — Carritre, Traité Conif. ed. 
2, 49 (in part). — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 
ii. 490. — Sargent, Silva N. Am. x. 70 (in part). 
Juniperus Virginiana, B australis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 
Branchlets slender, pendulous. 
28 (1847).— Carritre, Traité Conif. 44. — Courtin, Fam. 
Conif. 131. 
Juniperus Virginiana, Lindley & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. 
Lond. v. 202 (in part) (not Linnzus) (1850). — Courtin, 
Fam. Conif. 130 (in part). — Chapman, FU. 435 (in 
part). — Carritre, Zraité Conif. ed. 2, 43 (in part). — 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 182 
(in part); Silva N. Am. x. 93 (in part). — Masters, Jour. 
R. Hort. Soc, xiv. 215 (in part); Jour. Bot. xxxvii. 10. — 
Hansen, Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum Danicum) 
(in part). 
Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, Gordon, Pinetwm, 
114 (1858). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Syn. Nadelh. 337.— 
Hoopes, Lvergreens, 293. 
Juniperus Virginiana, var. Bermudiana, Vasey, Rep. 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. 8.) 
(1876). 
Since the tenth volume of this work was published in 1896 I have had several opportunities to 
restudy in the field the Red Cedars of North America, and it now seems necessary to separate Juniperus 
Virginiana as there described into three species : — 
First, the Juniperus Virginiana of Linneus, the Red Cedar of the north, with comparatively stout 
branchlets, erect branches which usually make a narrow compact pyramidal head, or sometimes in old 
age become more horizontal and form an open round-topped crown, and fruit which ripens at the end 
of the first season.’ Second, the Red Cedar of the Florida peninsula with more slender pendulous 
branchlets and long often pendulous branches which spread into a broad open head and smaller fruit 
ripening at the end of the first season. 
Third, the Red Cedar of western America with rather stouter 
branchlets, fruit which does not ripen until the end of the second season, and lighter colored usually 
reddish brown wood. 
Tn Florida the Red Cedar, which is not distinguishable from Juniperus Barbadensis? of the West 
Indies, is a tree sometimes fifty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally two feet in diameter covered 
with thin light red-brown bark which separates into long thin scales and small branches which are erect 
when the tree is crowded in the forest, but in open ground are ascending and spreading and form a 
1 As thus limited the range of Juniperus Virginiana is from 
southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward to eastern 
Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory, and southward to the 
coast of South Carolina or Georgia, the limestone hills of the inte- 
rior of southern Alabama and Mississippi and eastern Texas. 
2 Linneus’s specimen of Juniperus Barbadensis preserved in his 
Honk + 
at London a thin-branched species which is 
not distinguishable from the West Indian and Florida tree, and this 
specimen may properly be considered the type of Juniperus Barba- 
densis in spite of the fact that Linneus evidently confounded the 
West Indian and Bermuda species, both of which he described, for 
he refers to his Juniperus Barbadensis the “ Juniperus Barbadensis, 
Cupressi foliis, ramulis quadratis” of Plukenet (Alm. Bot. 201, t. 
197, f. 4) and the Juniperus Bermudiana of Miller (Cat. Pl. Hort. 
Angi. t. 1, f. 1), which are both shown by these figures to be thick- 
branched species. Of the identity of the former there is some 
doubt, but the figure in the Cat. Pl. Hort. Angl. admirably repre- 
sents the Bermuda Juniper. Hermann’s Juniperus Bermudiana 
(Cat. Hort. Lugd. Bat. 345, t.), which Linneus referred to his 
species of that name, is probably some other species. 
