SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ. 
90 
broad flat-topped head often thirty or forty feet in diameter. 
slender, and are erect at the top of the tree and pendulous on the lower branches. The staminate trees 
are of open habit, with light-colored yellow-green foliage, and the pistillate trees are of more compact 
habit, with dark green foliage. The branchlets are slender, four-angled, pendulous, and at the end of 
four or five years, when the leaves disappear, are light reddish brown or ashy gray. The leaves are 
opposite in pairs, closely impressed, narrow, acute or gradually narrowed above the middle and acumi- 
nate, and marked on the back by a conspicuous oblong gland. The flowers are dicecious and in Florida 
open early in March. The staminate flowers are oblong, elongated, and from an eighth to nearly a 
quarter of an inch in length, with rounded entire anther-scales which bear usually three pollen sacs. 
The scales of the pistillate flowers are gradually narrowed above the middle and acute at the apex, and 
The secondary branches are long and 
become obliterated from the fruit. This is subglobose, dark blue, and covered when ripe with a glaucous 
bloom, and is usually only about an eighth of an inch in diameter, with sweet resinuous flesh and usually 
two seeds. 
In the United States Juniperus Barbadensis is distributed along the Atlantic coast from southern 
Georgia to the shores of the Indian River, Florida, and on the Gulf coast from the northern shores of 
Charlotte Harbor, Florida, to the valley of the Appalachicola, growing usually in inundated river-swamps 
and formmg great thickets in forests of Taxodium, Red Maple, Gordonia, Loblolly Pine, Swamp Oaks, 
Palmetto, and Liquidambar ;* and in the West Indies it grows on the Bahamas,” San Domingo,’ the 
Mountains of Jamaica,* and on Antigua.® 
The wood, which resembles that of the Red Cedar of the north in color and fragrance, is straighter- 
grained and more easily worked, and for many years and until the supply begun to become exhausted 
it was exclusively used by the German manufacturers of pencils, who have established large factories for 
cutting this wood at Cedar Keys and other places on the Florida coast. 
Juniperus Barbadensis, with its long spreading branches and elongated gracefully drooping 
branchlets, is one of the most beautiful of all Junipers, and it has been largely used for the decoration 
of the squares and cemeteries of the cities and towns in the neighborhood of the coast from Florida 
to western Louisiana.° 
1 Near Tallahassee, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama, 
Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana Juniperus Barbadensis is common 
in the neighborbood of towns and appears to be thoroughly natural- 
ized and to be gradually spreading into adjacent woodlands. The 
fact, however, that west of the Appalachicola it does not grow in 
swamps or remote from human habitations seems to indicate that 
the Junipers now in this region have sprung from trees which were 
planted there not very long ago. Juniperus Barbadensis is the most 
universally planted coniferous tree in New Orleans and in the towns 
of western Louisiana, but there is even less evidence that it is indi- 
genous in the region beyond the Mississippi. 
2 Eggers, No. 4358 in herb. Kew. 
8 Eggers, No. 2320 in herb. Kew. 
4 «Juniperus Barbadensis is now somewhat rare on the Blue 
Mountains, but it is evident that it was confined to an elevation 
ranging between thirty-five hundred and six thousand feet in later 
years. Formerly it may have ranged much lower, as it grows well 
The wood is 
valued so much that all the trees that were easily reached have 
been cut down. I think the height may be put down from forty to 
fifty feet and the girth of the trunk at from two to four feet.” 
(W. Faweett, in litt.) 
5 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503. 
® The Bedford Juniper which is occasionally cultivated in Euro- 
pean collections is possibly of this species. (For the synonymy of 
this plant see x. 96 ; see, also, Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2, 193.) 
even near the sea-level if it gets plenty of water. 
