CONIFER A. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 
JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM. 
Red Cedar. 
Fruit subglobose, ripening at the end of the second season, usually 2-seeded. 
Leaves opposite, acute, glandular. Branchlets slender. 
Juniperus scopulorum, Sargent, Garden and Forest, x. 
420, £. 54 (1897). — Nelson, Bull. No. 40, Wyoming 
Exper. Stat. 86, £.16, 17 (Trees of Wyoming). — Ryd- 
berg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 13 (Fl. Montana). — 
Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1897, 83. 
Juniperus excelsa, Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. ii. 647 (not Mar- 
schall von Bieberstein) (1814). — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245. 
Juniperus Virginiana, Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 250 
(not Linnzeus) (1838); Hmory’s Rep. Appx. No. 6, 412; 
Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. v. 142; Bot. Mex. Bound. 
Surv. 211.— Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soe. vii. 144. — Cooper, 
Am. Nat. iii. 413. — Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. 
pt. ii, 488 (in part). — Engelmann, Zrans. St. Lowis 
Acad. iii. 591 (in part); Rothrock Wheeler’s Rep. vi. 
263. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 335. — Porter & Coulter, 
Fl. Colorado ; Hayden’s Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132. — 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 182 
(in part) ; Silva N. Am. x. 93 (in part). —Tweedy, Flora 
of the Yellowstone National Park, 74. — Macoun, Garden 
and Forest, i. 47 (Lhe Forests of Vancouver Island). — 
Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. viii. 74. — Masters, 
Jour. R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 215 (in part). — Hansen, Jour. 
R. Hort. Soc. xiv. 298 (Pinetum Danicum) (in part). — 
Britton & Kearney, Trans. N. Y. Acad. xiv. 22.— Lei- 
berg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. v. 55. 
Juniperus occidentalis, Porter, Hayden U. S. Geolog. 
Surv. Montana (5th Ann. Rep. of Progress), 494 (not 
Hooker) (1872). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 461. 
Juniperus Virginiana, var. montana, Vasey, Rep. U. S. 
Dept. Agric. 1875, 185 (Cat. Forest Trees U. 8.) (not J. 
communis, y montana, Aiton) (1876). 
A tree, thirty or forty feet in height, with a short stout trunk sometimes three feet in diameter, 
and often divided near the ground into a number of slightly spreading stems, and stout spreading and 
ascending branches covered with scaly bark which form an open irregularly round-topped head! The 
bark of the trunk is dark reddish brown or gray tinged with red, and is divided by shallow fissures 
into narrow flat connected ridges which break up on the surface into persistent shredded scales. The 
branchlets are slender and four-angled, becoming terete at the end of three or four years, when they 
are covered with smooth pale bark which a few years later begins to seperate into thin scales. The 
leaves are opposite in pairs, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, marked on the back by an obscure 
elongated gland, and dark green, or on trees in the southern Rocky Mountains often pale and very 
The staminate flowers are oblong and about one sixteenth of an inch in length, and their 
anther-scales are rounded and entire, with four or five anther-sacs. The scales of the pistillate 
flower are spreading and acute or acuminate, and become obliterated on the mature fruit. At the end 
of the first season the fruit is about one sixteenth of an inch in length and blue or rose color, and 
beginning to grow the following spring it becomes before autumn from one quarter to one third of an 
inch in diameter, bright blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom, and has sweet resinous flesh, and one 
or generally two seeds. The seeds are ovate, acute, prominently grooved and angled, light chestnut- 
brown, about three sixteenths of an inch long, and lustrous, with a small two-lobed hilum. 
Juniperus scopulorum is distributed through the eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains 
from Alberta to western Texas, and westward to the coast of British Columbia” and Washington, and 
glaucous. 
1 At Manitou at the base of Pike’s Peak Juniperus scopulorum 
in sheltered positions develops long slightly pendulous branches, 
and is a handsome tree of open habit, while on the more arid wind- 
swept slopes the branches are short and rigid and form a compact 
round-topped head. 
2 In 1876 Juniperus scopulorum was collected by Dawson on the 
gravelly margin of Francois Lake in British Columbia in latitude 
54° north, This is the most northern station from which I have 
(See G. M. Dawson, Garden and Forest, i. 
59, as Juniperus Virginiana.) 
specimens of this tree. 
