LEMMUS 393 
Lemmus is now confined to circumpolar regions, mostly 
in arctic latitudes, including Novaya Zemlya (ZL. odenszs), but 
not Spitzbergen, Franz Joseph Land, Iceland, or Greenland. 
In North America it ranges from Alaska to Hudson’s Bay, 
north to about 70 N. lat. in Boothia Felix (Ross), and south 
to about 55° N. in the Peace River region (Preble) ; with an 
insular species, L. nzgripes (True), in St George's Island, 
Bering Sea. JZ. obensis (Brants), of Arctic Siberia, has an 
isolated colony in the Syansk Mountains, west of Lake 
Baikal, at 2200 feet (Thomas). 
L. lemmus (Linneus),' the well-known Norwegian Lemming, 
extinct in Britain, is now confined to Skandinavia, south to 
Christiansand (Collett) and northern Wermland (Lilljeborg), 
with Finland and Russian Lapland to the Kola Peninsula. 
It was widely distributed in the Pleistocene or post- Pleistocene 
of Western and Central Europe, its bones having been found in 
North Germany, Saxony, Poland, Hungary, Belgium, and 
Switzerland (Hensel, Zezts. d. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch., Berlin, 
vii., 486, pl. xxv., figs. 10, 11, and 15, 1855; Nehring, Zez¢s. f. 
Ges. Naturw., Berlin, xlv., 1-28, 1875). Gadow’s discovery of 
“mummies” of a Lewemus (Barrett-Hamilton, Proc. Zool. Soc., 
London, 3rd March 1896, 304), in caves near Athouguia, 
Santarem, Portugal, has been a stumbling-block to many, who 
refuse to accept the locality as correct (e,¢., Harlé, Bull. Soc. 
Géol. de France, 1909, 98; Comm. da Commis. do Serv. Geol. 
de Portugal, viil., 52, 81, 1910-1911). But Nehring (Sz¢zungsd. 
der Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, 1899, 3, 55; also Wiegemann’s 
Archw fiir Naturg., \xv. (i.), Bd. 2, 175-182) assigned them 
to a distinct variety named crasszdens, on account of its 
large teeth, and Miller agrees that the Portuguese remains 
cannot at present be synonymised with ZL. lemmus. This fact 
supports the unexpected locality, but a collector sent by Hailé 
to examine all the caves in the neighbourhood failed to find 
further specimens. 
In Great Britain it was first reported by Sanford (of. czt. supra, 
pp. 382-3) from Somerset caves, and it is now known to have 
been an abundant member of the late Pleistocene, and perhaps 
1 Mus lemmus, Linneus, Systema Nature, x., 59, described from the mountains 
of Lappmark, Sweden. 
VOL. II. 2C 
