243 



have so far found to pupate in spring belong to the genus Gyclocephala 

 and, I need not say, are much less common than those of species of 

 Lachnosterna, all of which, so far as I know, reach the imago stage in 

 fall. 

 The following are the observations on which this statement is based: 



(1) White grubs obtained from a timothy meadow at Champaign, 

 March 24, 1886, had formed the pupa July 29, and September 17 were 

 imagos of Lachnosterna inversa, in the earth of their breediiig cage. 



(2) Otliers obtained from a corn field at Anna, 111., April 22, 1886, 

 were found July 28 still unchanged, in their prepupal earthen cells, at 

 the bottom of the breeding cage, but September 17 had transformed to 

 the pupa, and October 9 were in part adult beetles, still in earth, of 

 L. impUcita, the remainder continuing as pupse. These pupae were 

 placed in alcohol for specific description. 



(3) Grubs obtained from plowed corn-ground April 27, 1886, at TJrbana, 

 111., and kept in a breeding cage, were finally examined September 17, 

 by which time they had transformed to beetles still living in the earth 

 in their pupal cells. These were identified as L. inversa. 



(4) Grubs collected from the earth in a corn field at Champaign May 

 1, 1886, kept in the earth in a breeding cage and regularly supplied 

 with food, had begun to pupate June 28, and had transformed in the 

 earth to the imago of L. inversa by September 17. 



(5) Specimens collected in June, 1886, from the university lawn at 

 Champaign, where they had done immense damage to the turf, had 

 pupated in j^art by July 28, but were not carried through. The larvae 

 are indistinguishable from those bred to inversa. 



(6) Larvai were collected at Champaign from the fields at intervals 

 from April 2 to 22, 1890, and placed in a large breeding cage with earth 

 and food. A trench was dug to a depth of li feet, inclosed by boards 

 set to that depth in the earth and projecting 5 inches above it, and di- 

 vided by board partitions into six compartments — all the joints being 

 made quite insect tight. The earth at the bottom of this trench was 

 pounded very hard, and the whole refilled. A lot of larvae from the 

 above collections was put into one of these compartments April 24, the 

 top of the inclosure being then covered with cheese cloth, and April 29 

 one more grub was added. July 24 one pupa and several larvae were 

 found in the cage ; September 5 adults of inversa, rugosa, and hirticula, 

 and a single pupa were taken from the earth in it; and, finally, Septem- 

 ber 26, when the compartment was cleaned out, three more examples 

 of adult hirticula were found. 



(7) Another selected lot of the same grubs were placed, April 24, 

 in another compartment of this trench, and to these a single larva from 

 a corn field was added May 7. Nothing was seen of this lot until Sep- 

 tember 7, when two adults of L. gihbosa were found 8 inches below the 

 surface, beneath the pounded earth bottom of the cage. 



