REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. 205 



raspberries and some other small woody-stemmed shrubs it was considered wise by the 

 Hon. Minister, for the present at any rate, not to allow these to be imported, even when 

 cut right down to the roots, for fear that this cutting might not be done thoroughly 

 enough. True herbaceous perennials, like the perennial phlox, dahlias, herbaceous 

 p;>?onies, and perennial asters, the stems of which die back right down to the roots 

 every autumn, can be safely imported and consequently are not prohibited. The scale 

 has been known to spread occasionally on to several plants with herbaceous stems, but as 

 it can never move again after once settling down on any plant, which it does within two 

 days after birth, and as during its active life it must constantly be supplied with liquid 

 foud, even, were it introduced in the dormant condition in which it passes the winter on 

 the stems of herbaceous perennials which bad died down naturally, such scales could 

 never revive nor propagate ; in the first place, they would have no food in the dead, 

 sapless stems, nor could they move to search for it elsewhere, owing to the scales which 

 they have formed over their bodies since they settled down, and also to the important 

 fact that very soon after settling they undergo their first moult, from which time they 

 are absolutely without legs or other means of locomotion. In the second place, they 

 could not propagate because they pass the winter in a half grown condition, and being 

 deprived of food it is impossible for them to reach maturity. 



The question is frequently asked at farmers' meetings when specimens of the San 

 Jose Scale are shown on pieces of twigs and branches, whether there is not danger of 

 introducing the scale into new localities by this means. For the reasons given above, 

 there is manifestly no danger to be feared in this direction. The only way in which 

 the scale can be spread is by the migration of the young insects during the short time 

 that they are able to crawl about. The sap in any piece of infested wood which could 

 be conveniently taken to a meeting for exhibition dries up in a fevv hours and very 

 few of the young scale-insects could be born before the females dietl, even if the wood 

 were taken at the time when the females were beai'ing young, and then these young 

 insects would have to find their way on to living trees before many hours or they would 

 die. It has been objected that upon wood bearing the Oyster-shell Bark-louse myriads- 

 of the young have been found moving several weeks after the scale-bearing branch had 

 been severed from the tree. It must be remembered, however, that the habits of the 

 Oyster-shell Bark -louse and those of the San Jose Scale are entirely different. When 

 mature, the female of the former, before dying, lays beneath her scale a large number 

 of egg.s, which remain unhatched for many months from autumn until the following 

 summer, during which time, of course, being eggs, the}' lequire no food ; so it does not 

 matter how dry the branch bearing them beneath their mothers' scales may be ; but 

 whenever these eggs are brought under favourable conditions they will hatch and the 

 young bark-lice appear. With the San Jose Scale, on the contrary, eggs are never laid, 

 but the females bring forth their young alive and at that time must be constantly 

 supplied with liquid food. As stated above, if the scale-bearing wood is removed from 

 the trees during the period of dormancy in which the San Jose Scale passes the winter, 

 all the scale-insects upon such wood are immature and must soon die. This period of 

 dormancy lasts in Canada, at any rate, from the beginning of November till the begin- 

 ning of June. Close study of this insect has shown that none but the immature insects 

 live through the winter, and, further, that these do not begin to produce young until 

 after a considerable time of active life and growth the following season. 



The keen interest which has been aroused with regard to all insect pests by the 

 advent of the San Jose Scale has also drawn attention to various other kinds of scale- 

 insects which have been found upon Canadian fruit trees. Many kinds of these have been 

 sent in for examination. The Forbes Scale, the Putnam Scale, the New York Plum Scale 

 and the Scurfy Bark -louse were all found in some numbers upon orchard trees. Although 

 widely spread through the province of Ontario, not one of them was sufiiciently 

 abundant in any locality to be considered a serious menace to fruit growers. 



In addition to the above, the Oyster-shell Bark-louse is extremely abundant all 

 through Canada and is very destructive. 



The standard remedies for scale-insects are kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap 

 solution (1 lb. in 2 to 4 gallons of water), applied early in the spring, just before the 

 buds open. 



