REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. 257 



The fly of the Apple Maggot (Fig. 15, h) is a pretty little insect described as follows 

 by Prof. Harvey, of Maine, who published a most complete study of this pest in the 

 "Annual Report of the Maine State College for 1889 ": "The perfect insect is a two- 

 winged fly somewhat smaller than the house-fly, readily recognized by its general black 

 colour ; yellowish head and legs ; dark feet ; greenish prominent eyes ; white spot on 

 the back and upper part of the thorax ; three white bands across the abdomen of the 

 male and four across the abdomen of the female, and four black bands across the wings, 

 resembling the outline of a turkey." 



The injury done to the apple crop by the Apple Maggot in the states of New York, 

 Massachusetts, Connecticut and Vermont are well known, but, outside of these States, 

 although the insect is common and feeds in the larval form upon the fruit of the haw- 

 thorn {Cratcegus) over a large area of country, there is no record of its having attacked 

 cultivated apples to any appreciable extent. During the past summer, however, infested 

 apples were received from Dr. D. Young, of Adolphustown, Lennox Co., Ont., north of 

 Lake Ontario, with the following letter, which is the first record of its injurious occur- 

 rence in Canada : — 



" Adolphustown, 31st October. — I send you apples injured by worms of some kind 

 from a tree that heretofore always produced very clean and smooth fruit. Kindly tell 

 me what the worm is and what remedy to apply. I spread round the trees which bore 

 the infested fruit ten or twelve wagon loads of barn-yard manure in the spring of 1895 

 and again in 1896. I fear this may have enticed the insect. What gives me this idea is 

 that I have two trees, a Golden Russet and a Winesap, that always produced clean 

 fruit till we put a pig pen and yard right between them, the roots running under the 

 pen and yard where the soil is immensely rich. Since the pigs were kept there, the fruit 

 on these two trees has been very poor, and this year was entirely worthless on the 

 Golden Russet. Although heavily loaded, there was not on the tree one good apple, 

 and the Winesap was nearly as bad. It was heavily loaded too, but I think not one 

 in fifty was good for anything. Yet the apples on the other Golden Russet and Wine- 

 sap trees near by were very fine." — Dr. D. Young. 



A little later Dr. Young sent me a good supply of infested apples, with the state- 

 ment that the maggots were working in other varieties than those mentioned. No living 

 maggots were found in these, but two dead specimens served to identify the species in 

 confirmation of the opinion formed from the very characteristic work of the larvae 

 in the fruit. 



There is only one brood of this insect, but the eggs are laid by the females during a 

 very long period, namely, from the beginning of July till frost sets in. The flies, which 

 are produced from early ripening varieties of apples, appearing at a correspondingly 

 early season the following year, and those from late varieties lay the eggs which produce 

 the maggots found in the stored apples during the winter. Prof. Harvey says : "We 

 have never seen the exit holes in hanging fruit, and believe the maggots do not drop, 

 but go into the ground from the fallen fruit. Their presence causes the fruit to mature 

 earlier. Fruit picked from the tree may contain larvae, and often stored or marketed 

 fruit is alive with maggots. Apples apparently sound when gathered may, by the 

 presence of eggs or young larvae, afterwards become hopelessly involved. The develop- 

 ment of the maggot is slower in late and hard fruits." 



When infested fruit is stored, the maggots emerge as they become full-grown and 

 turn to puparia inside the barrels or bins. 



Remedies. — As the egg of this insect is laid beneath the skin of the apple, it is 

 evident that spraying with poisonous applications would be useless. The remedy which 

 is most relied on by those who have had experience with the insect, is the prompt 

 destruction of windfalls, so as to prevent the maggots going into the ground. This can 

 be done by keeping a sufficient number of pigs, sheep or other stock in the orchard. If 

 this is inconvenient, the more expensive operation of collecting by hand and destroying 

 or feeding to stock must be rigorously practised if this pest is to be controlled. The refuse 

 from bins or barrels should, of course, also be dealt with in some way to prevent the 

 insects coming to maturity. Prof. Harvey says emphatically : " The gathering of wind- 

 falls for the express purpose of checking Trypeta has been tried and found effectual. 

 We firmly believe we have in the careful destruction of the windfalls, the means of 

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