REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. 261 



operation was repeated continuously and the insect was buried out of sight when 

 looked for eighteen hours later. The larvae apparently enter the fruit from the side, 

 and eat their way into the interior by tunnelling the fruit in all directions. They 

 sometimes reach the core and feed on the apple pips, but more often keep to the 

 more fleshy part of the fruit, which is thus entirely spoilt, as the passages made by 

 these insects soon turn brown and start decay throughout the fruit. When fully 

 grown the larva emerges at the side of the fruit, and probably lowers itself to the 

 ground before spinning up. I judge this to be the case, as by holding the spinning 

 thread of a fully grown larva which had just emerged from the fruit I induced it to 

 lower itself by its thread over six feet. It then spins a very beautiful white cocoon of 

 an open-work pattern, and inside and separate from this, it spins another close-fitting 

 white covering. These cocoons measure about three-eighths of an inch long. I have , 

 found cocoons of this insect spun up inside the core of several apples. It will be easily 

 seen, however, that this is only possible in the more open cored varieties of fruit, and 

 the chances of survival are very slight for those following this plan. I have specimens 

 of this insect which spun up as early as August 6th, and also had samples of fruit con- 

 taining larvae apparently not full-grown on November 9th. The only sign that the 

 fruit is infested at an early stage of its attack is by the exudation of juice from the 

 fruit at the point where the insect entered, which generally dries up in the form 

 of a little bubble ; later, when the larva has left, the small hole in the side of the 

 fruit through which it escapes can be readily seen on a close examination. The rotting 

 of the fruit along the passages made by this insect may be caused by spores of fungi 

 lodging where the apple skin is pierced, and thereby decay working its way along the open 

 passages. My reason for thinking that this insect is indigenous is because I have several 

 cocoons from infested fruit of wild crab apple trees. I have often in previous years 

 noticed that a great deal of the fruit of the wild crab apples is completely spoilt, and 

 have arrived at the conclusion that it is our new enemy which is responsible for the 

 damage. I took some infested wild crab apple fruit and placed it in a jar on Septem- 

 ber 13th, and on September 25th I had three nicely spun cocoons in the bottom 

 of the jar. The wild crab apple fruit which is affected, when ripe, turns quite black, 

 instead of being of the ordinary brown colour, and one sometimes sees a whole tree 

 with scarcely a sound berry on it." — E. A. Carew-Gibson. 



The fruit of Pirus rimdaris is borne in bunches of about a dozen together on 

 slender stalks over an inch in length ; each individual fruit is a small, berry like, ovate, 

 oblong pome, about half an inch in length by three eighths in width. 



Besides the above insects, there are some other caterpillars which injure apples, the 

 life histories of which require working out, owing to the possibility of their becoming of 

 economic importance. At Victoria in 1895 I found specimens of a small caterpillar 

 feeding on the surface of the fruit, particularly at the calyx end eating the skin and 

 mining a short distance beneath it ; very similar larvae were also received during the 

 past summer from Mr. C. P. Newman, of Lachine Locks, Que., but some of these worked 

 entirely beneath the skin, making large blotch mines, but not running nearly so deeply 

 into the flesh as the British Columbian Apple Fruit-miner. 



Mr. Palmer says as follows on the subject of the insect enemies of fruit in British 

 Columbia : " The Codling Moth has been reported from several places, but after careful 

 examination of infested or damaged specimens of fruit, I have failed up to the present 

 to find the true Codling Moth. Still considerable damage was caused by worms in 

 apples (distinct from the Apple Fruit-miner) of two or more different species and I hope 

 with Mr. Gibson's aid and your special knowledge that we shall be able next season to 

 determine what the pests actually are (as by that time we ought to have specimens of 

 the perfect insects) and the proper methods of dealing with them." — R. M. Palmer. 



As up to the present, owing to the energy of the provincial Department of Agri- 

 culture of British Columbia, the Codling Moth has been prevented from being introduced, 

 as far as can be learnt, into that province, and, as larvae of the Apple Fruit-miner have been 

 mistaken for those of the Codling Moth and its work for that of the Apple Maggot, it 

 may be well to point out some of the important characters in which these three insects 

 differ. There should be no trouble in distinguishing them in all their stages 



