10*2 THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF 



more effectual trap for the Apple-worm than the rags placed in ih& 

 fork of the tree. There is no superiority in the rags over the hay- 

 band, unless the former are made to encircle the tree as thoroughly 

 as the latter. Where rags are placed simply in the forks, many of the 

 worms pass down the tree from the outside of the branches. If the 

 rag is tied around the trunk, it will impede almost every worm that 

 crawls down the tree from the fruit which hangs on, or that crawls up 

 the trunk from the fruit which alls; and it then has adecided advan- 

 tage over the hay band, because it can either be passed through a 

 roller or scalded, and used again. 



It has been very generally accepted in this country that the Cod- 

 ling Moth is double-brooded, and in all my writings on the subject I 

 have stated it to be so, though no one, so far as I am aware, ever 

 proved such to be the case beyond a doubt. Mr. P. G. Zeller, of Stet- 

 tin, Prussia, informed me last winter that it is only single-brooded in 

 that part of the world, and Harris gives it as his opinion that it is 

 mostly so in Massachusetts. Now, such may not improbably be the 

 case in northern Prussia, and the more northern of the United States, 

 though I incline to believe otherwise. At all events, this insect is 

 invariably double-brooded in the latitude of St. Louis, and its natural 

 history may be briefly told as follows: The first moths appear, and 

 begin to lay their eggs, soon after the young apples begin to form. 

 The great bulk of the worms which hatch from these eggs leave the 

 fruit from the middle of May to the middle of June. These spin up, 

 and in from two to three weeks produce moths, which pair and in their 

 turn commence, in a few days, to lay eggs again. The worms (second 

 brood) from these eggs leave the fruit, some of them as early as the 

 first of September, others as late as Christmas. In either case they 

 spin their cocoons as soon as they have left the apples, but do not as- 

 sume the pupa state till towards spring — the moths from the late ma- 

 tured worms appearing almost as early as those from the earlier ma- 

 tured ones. The two broods interlock so that in July worms of both 

 may be found in the fruit of one and the same tree. I have repeat- 

 edly taken worms of tiie first brood, bred the moths from them, and 

 obtained from these m ths the second brood of worms; and I have 

 done this both on enclosed fruit hanging on the tree in the open air, 

 and on plucked fruit in-doors. In the latter experiments the moths 

 would often cover an apple with eggs, so that when the worms- 

 hatched they would enter from all sides, and soon so thoroughly per- 

 forate and devour the fruit as to die of starvation. This is a clear- 

 case of misdirected instinct in the parent, caused doubtless by con- 

 finement. 



Prom the foregoing facts, it becomes obvious that the rags or the 

 hay-band should be kept around the tree, say from the first of May 

 till the fruit is all off; and to be thoroughly effectual, the insects col- 

 lected in or under them should be destroyed regularly every fortnight; 

 during that time.. 



