6 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
comparative psychology—the psychic nature of animals 
lower than man. 
To illustrate my position further: If you could have 
traced from early infancy up to the present time that 
one of your school-mates with whom you are most 
intimately acquainted — noting carefully every ten- 
dency, every important change in his circumstances and 
in his development, would you not be in a vastly better 
position to understand him than you can be at present ? 
Perhaps you sometimes feel that you are incorrectly 
judged by others, and that if they only knew your past 
they would think differently. Indeed, what human 
being would not stand before us in a different light if 
we knew his whole history—and this resolves itself into 
his mental history finally. And then how incomplete is 
this until we go back beyond the individual, and look 
into the history and qualities of his ancestors, for after 
all, we are very much what our ancestors have made us ; 
in other words, past history is determining in no small 
degree present events—the thoughts and feelings of our 
ancestors had, to say the least, no small share in mould- 
ing our own mental life. If one observes closely he will 
find that the resemblance to parents is just as close 
mentally as physically. I must not, however, dwell 
now on a subject so large and so important as heredity. 
But if it is essential that we know the history of an 
individual human being to really understand him, it is 
almost, if not quite as important in the case of the dog 
or other of our dumb animals. Most of the dogs now 
in my own kennel were born and raised therein. Did 
time permit, I could interest you, I think, by showing 
how certain traits of these animals, which contribute to 
give them their individuality, are to be accounted for 
either by incidents in their history or by peculiarities 
which showed themselves soon after birth, and which 
were in all probability inborn, To illustrate by a 
