26 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
traceable in large part to his eminently social tendencies, 
resulting in the division of labour, with its consequent 
development of special aptitudes and its outcome in the 
enormous amount of force which he can, on occasion, 
bring to bear against the various tendencies making for 
his destruction. Indeed, the isolated individual man is 
scarcely as well prepared in the struggle for existence 
as most other animals. But the extent to which 
animals do continue, it may be in pairs or in larger 
numbers, to defend themselves against enemies; hunt 
down prey; rear young; elude enemies; overcome 
difficulties in travel; work in concert in the preparation 
of dwellings, and in many other instances, has been but 
inadequately considered. And in many such cases it is 
quite impossible to explain these things by that refuge 
of the unthinking or prejudiced, “instinct.” The limits 
of an address of this kind do not, of course, permit of 
detailed evidence being adduced for the views main- 
tained. Such evidence is, however, within the observa- 
tion of all to some extent, and is, so far as the literature 
is concerned, found in elaborate form in the admirable 
writings of Romanes and Lindsay more especially. 
Thus much by way of clearing the ground, of preparing 
the mind for a careful and earnest study of our fellow- 
creatures of the lower grades, without prejudice, and 
without fear of any loss of self-respect by the con- 
cessions we may be obliged to make. 
As to how, so far as the study of comparative 
psychology itself is concerned, the objects of this 
society may be best advanced, let me now endeavour 
to indicate briefly. A great part of the material avail- 
able is found in literature of very varying reliability. 
In many cases there is so obvious a prejudice in favour 
of the particular animals whose performances are 
described, that very large deductions must be made. 
We shall do well to be more than cautious in what we 
