ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE, AND HOW TO STUDY IT 3 
If Tom Jones is not interested equally in all the 
dogs he meets, it is because he believes they do not 
possess the qualities of his own Carlo. They do not fit 
into his mental world as well, they are not equally a 
reflex of himself. Every boy if left to follow his 
natural tendencies must believe that his dog’s thoughts 
and feelings are the counterpart of his own. Were it 
otherwise, why should he talk to his dog, play with 
him, impute motives to him, blame or praise him, etc. ? 
The change of view so general among civilised people 
calls for an explanation: and here we must distinguish 
between the clearly defined belief of the philosopher 
and the loose views—probably little more than pre- 
judices—of the vast proportion of people. 
The creed of the many in Europe and America as 
regards the relations of man to the world by which he 
is surrounded is in no small measure shaped by religious 
teachers. The result of this has been that man has 
been placed on a pedestal—raised high above all other 
creatures—and that is quite right too, but with this 
there has been interwoven the idea of the great in- 
feriority of the brutes—which is again correct—but 
then there were associated with these views others 
which, in my opinion, have served to divorce man’s 
sympathies from his fellows lower in the scale, and to 
lead him to view them in a distorted fashion. In 
attempting to glorify man, many well-meaning teachers 
have thought that they must depreciate his fellows, even 
to the point of denying to the lower animals any 
intellectual life proper at all—all was to be explained 
by “blind instinct”; so that by the time Tom Jones 
became a mature man he was unwilling to believe that 
his dog thought and felt as he did, and especially was 
he disinclined to set forth any such creed in words, and 
by no means would he have dared to do so before his 
teachers, lest he should seem to be thereby bringing 
