PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 49 
directly and indirectly, new subject-matter and methods, 
has set a higher standard of accuracy and objectivity, 
has made some part of the subject an applied science 
with useful applications, and has enlarged the field and 
improved the methods of teaching psychology.” 
But what shall we say of the status and prospects of 
Comparative Psychology ? The works of Romanes were 
well known prior to the beginning of the last decade. 
They may be considered as marking about the first 
serious attempts to treat the subject of Comparative 
Psychology in a truly scientific spirit, and in a form ac- 
cessible to the intelligent portion of the general public. 
Much later appeared the books of Professor Lloyd 
Morgan—works which possess the charm of unusual 
clearness. If Romanes was open to the charge of claim- 
ing too much for animals, Morgan is certainly cautious 
enough to please the most conservative, unless it be 
those who deny true intelligence to animals entirely. 
It is a hopeful sign of the times in psychology that 
a professor of philosophy, Dr Carl Groos, of Giessen, 
has found material for a book of considerable size on 
the play of animals, a subject which has been treated 
by him with interest, learning, and critical acumen. 
Animal intelligence is more and more attracting the 
attention of the professed psychologist and biologist, 
and that both realise the difficulties of the subject, 
while its importance is acknowledged, is of good omen. 
Comparative psychology is now beyond the stage of 
neglect and contempt, though there are those who seem 
to think that before we can judge of the mental 
processes of animals, much greater progress must first 
be made in the study of the human mind; in other 
words, they would take their standards, their criteria, 
from human psychology. That we must in the end find 
the clue to interpretation from ourselves there is no 
doubt, but is it not the fact that every complicated 
D 
