THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 151 
connected anatomically, and especially functionally, 
that investigations on the one or the other, and 
particularly on taste, at a very early stage, are at- 
tended with great difficulties ; accordingly I have been 
very cautious in drawing conclusions, and have thought 
it better to place the first beginnings of their exercise 
too late rather than too early. Certain it is that both 
taste and smell are very feeble at first and gradually 
developed. Prior to the opening of the eyes both exist, 
but in feeble degree. The diary gives all the facts I 
have to communicate on the subject. 
The way in which smell calls into activity, first of 
all, muscles of the face in a sleeping puppy, has been 
very frequently brought to my notice, and shows how 
closely afferent and efferent nervous paths are gener- 
ally related, even when the main centres concerned are 
at rather distant parts of the brain. The nervous im- 
pulses that pass to the brain when strong enough, soon 
spread to other parts, hence the puppy is not long in 
moving its limbs, and, it may be, gets up, runs about, 
cries, etc.—all these complicated movements having 
been brought about, and, as I have often witnessed, in 
a sort of machine-like way—the animal having no 
clear and definite features before it at the first moment, 
though, no doubt, the law of associative nervous and 
psychic connections complicates this more and more as 
the animal widens its experiences with age. As illus- 
trating this subject, an observation of mine on a mature 
dog is worth a brief recital. The subject was an Irish 
setter bitch of an unusually affectionate nature. I had 
not seen her for some months. She was lying ap- 
‘parently asleep on her bench in a large dog show. 
Upon walking up to her stall, and standing there a few 
seconds, I noticed, the eyes being closed, movements of 
the nostrils of gradually increasing force, then evident 
sniffing, next a raising of the head, opening of the eyes, 
