162 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
Hence, too, the necessity of abundance of sleep in 
early life for all animals. 
How important that this state of things should be 
recognised by all educators—in fact, all who have to do 
with young children, to whom it applies equally with 
dogs and other young animals! 
CONSCIOUSNESS.—The dependence of consciousness 
on sensory impressions is readily shown. It was found 
that bandaging the eyes of the puppies sufficed, on the 
18th day, to quiet them, and even put them asleep, when 
in their usual environment (pen). 
This subject is evidently closely akin to the previous 
ones. While these relations exist all through life their 
clearest demonstration is in the young animal. 
DrREAMING.—If mature dogs dream—and of this there 
seems no reasonable doubt—the phenomena witnessed 
in the puppies on the 35th day is evidence of the same 
state. Growling in sleep was noted as early as the 
17th day, but I would hesitate to refer this to dream- 
inge—in fact, I do not think such an explanation ap- 
plicable if the term “dreaming” be used in the same 
sense in which it would apply to a mature dog having 
a vision of imaginary events that arouse feelings. 
Wi11L.—It may, perhaps, be doubted if there be any 
appreciable exercise of will proper during the period 
when the eyes are unopened; but on the 17th day, 
when on the puppy’s ear being rubbed gently, he, in 
addition to scratching, puts up his foreleg occasionally, 
as if to remove the source of irritation, there is the 
appearance of volition. At first reflex and voluntary 
action are much mixed, of which there are many 
examples to be picked out from the diary, but in 
some instances cases of pure volition may be found, 
e.g. When on the 20th day the puppies go to the wall 
of their pen and attempt to get over it. But even this 
is to me by no means so clear a case as that of the 41st 
