164 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
the first occasion on which actions suggestive of those of 
older dogs, if not practically identical, were manifested. 
The reader is especially referred to certain records on 
the 37th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 49th 
and 50th days. 
Indeed, after the 50th day, these resemblances in 
behaviour are so numerous, or, in other words, the 
puppy is so matured, so fully equipped psychically, that 
much less interest, or at all events importance, attaches 
to the study of his psychic life. 
INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENT.—As has been explained, 
when in the young puppy the eyes are closed, he is 
very apt to fall asleep, and if all the stimuli through the 
sensory organs were cut off, consciousness would be re- 
duced to a minimum, if it existed at all. On the other 
hand, as illustrating the influence of the environment, 
in special ways, on the early psychic life of the puppy, 
the reader is referred to records in the diary on the 
23rd, 26th, 33rd, 45th, 46th, 47th, and 49th days among 
others. There is not space for comment. 
REASONING.—I do not propose to enter into the 
controversy as to whether animals not possessed of 
articulate language can reason, or whether we should 
name the process corresponding to that in man, 
“inference.” 
That man can reason in a way that animals lower 
in the scale cannot, is certain, but that much that we 
assume to be of a higher order in the mind of man, and 
perhaps consider reasoning of this higher order, differs 
in no essential point from psychic processes in animals, 
I am convinced, after many years’ close observation 
alike of animals and man, including the working of my 
own mind, which, after all, is the final court of appeal 
for oneself. When, on the 41st day, the puppy 
scrapes away the sawdust, and then some days later, 
repeating the act, tries one spot with the head, not 
