166 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
quite comfortable, and which certainly requires no 
“reasoning” to explain ? 
ASSOCIATED REFLEXES.—When referring to reflexes 
in general, I omitted to call attention to certain pheno- 
mena which seem to me unquestionably of this character, 
eg. on the 23rd day, when one puppy licks the other 
after feeding, as is always the case, it is observed to 
place its paws on the head of the other, and spread the 
toes exactly as in sucking the mother, when it places 
its paws against the mammary glands, and so in other 
instances. The association in one kind of use of the 
mouth (sucking) is made with another kind as licking, 
etc. 
EXPERIENCE.—Any one who without prejudice watches 
any young animal, cannot fail to be impressed with the 
readiness with which, within certain natural limits, it 
profits by its experience; and this is one of the lessons 
of the diary of these puppies, evident in all directions, 
instinct included. As one instance, among many, I 
refer the reader to the advance noted in regard to the 
bones on the 59th and 61st days, and the entire be- 
haviour of the puppies in the yard,on that day. The 
manner in which they acted, as if they were well ac- 
quainted with the yard, the various ways in which their 
movements and actions suggested the old dog, illustrated 
to me in a way, that was somewhat of a surprise, the 
readiness with which they availed themselves of every 
experience, and quickly worked it into their nature. 
Tue Mysterious.—That dogs-do, in some fashion, 
recognise causation, and are puzzled by its apparent 
absence, seems to be beyond doubt. 
The earliest manifestation of this I have noted on the 
38th day, in connection with dangling a bright chain ; 
nevertheless, this is not to my mind a clear case. 
INDIVIDUALITY.—From time to time reference has 
been made to individual differences, both psychic and 
