172 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
and without prejudice, believing that, whatever their 
defects, they constitute the most complete account of 
the subject, published to date. 
Somrt ConcLusions.—The dog is born blind and 
deaf. He possibly smells and tastes feebly, but this 
is difficult of demonstration ; but in any case he smells, 
tastes, has tactile and muscular sensations, the tempera- 
ture sense, and can experience pain before he can 
either see or hear. 
The eyes are open before the ears, but seeing objects 
does not correspond in time with the opening of the 
eyelids, which is gradual, the result of processes of 
growth and absorption. Hearing follows sooner on 
complete opening of the ears than seeing on opening of 
the eyes. 
There is progressive improvement in both seeing and 
hearing. 
Both begin about the 17th day, and are in a high 
state of perfection about the 30th day, hearing being, 
upon the whole, rather more rapid in development. 
Smell and taste are demonstrable on the 13th day, 
and are well developed about the 30th day. 
Newly born dogs are very much affected unfavour- 
ably by a temperature below a certain moderate point 
(50° or 60° F.), and are capable from the first of such 
movements as enable them to avail themselves of the 
heat from the mother’s body. 
They give evidence of feeling hunger, and are capable 
of making certain slow movements at birth. 
They find the teats chiefly, if not wholly, by touch, 
and continue sucking in consequence of the satisfaction 
of the appetite for food. 
Up to about the 20th day puppies are very readily 
fatigued, and incapable of attention to anything for 
more than a very few seconds at one time. 
They early show an appreciation of any decided 
