THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 217 
reached, and the puppies are then very readily startled 
by noises, i.e. they are reflexly greatly affected through 
the ear, much more so than through the eye. This 
fact has been very strongly impressed on my own 
mind again and again. 
As regards voluntary movements, there were differ- 
ences to be noted. The mongrel seemed the sooner 
to gain control over the hind limbs. The same may 
be said of tail movements. Though one could not 
trace so general a development in the mongrel as in 
the St Bernards by a certain period, the former had 
the greater power over his tail, both as regards variety 
and vigour of movement, especially the latter. 
There was a comparatively sudden development in 
this mongrel which I can scarcely think is common, 
but, in regard to this point, I must speak cautiously 
till further exact observations are made, as I do not 
wish to make statements of mere general impressions, 
with no definite basis of observation. 
The movement of the ears especially, though others 
aiso fall into this class, following on noises, are purely 
reflex, and constitute one of the most delicate and 
early evidences of hearing, but, as in the case of the 
pure-bred puppies, concussions are earlier and more 
readily effective than sounds. 
While both the pure-bred dogs and the mongrel 
recognise a change in surroundings, and are affected 
by it, herein lies one of the great differences between 
them alike in puppyhood and in after life. 
One may compare the man “well born,” and sur- 
' rounded by conditions that tend to form the gentleman 
in the completest sense of the term, with the pure-bred 
dog, just as the mongrel represents the peasant, whose 
ancestors and whose surroundings alike are against the 
highest attainments. 
The mongrel lacks all that refinement, modesty, 
