218 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
perhaps I may say, at all events that delicate apprecia- 
tion of his own place and that of his fellow dogs 
and human beings, which constitute such conspicuous 
features in the psychic whole of the pure-bred dogs. 
The latter show towards each other, in a kennel with 
many together, when their owner encourages and gives 
a chance for their exercise, kindness, justice, and many 
qualities utterly foreign to the nature of the majority 
of mongrels. I do not now use the term mongrel in 
the sense of a cross between two pure-bred dogs, but 
in the more popular acceptation of a dog bred from 
parents that were mongrels, and perhaps the remoter 
ancestors quite unknown. 
It is interesting to enquire whether these features of 
the psychic organisation are shown in the young puppy, 
and if so, when. 
Almost from the first the mongrel puppy shows an 
ability to scramble for himself in “this rough world” 
not manifested by the pure-bred dog. His very voice 
on the first day of his existence may, and in this 
case did, suggest this, but in nothing was it shown 
so much as in the successful manner in which he 
held his own among the dogs of the kennel, large and 
small. This was all shown before the puppy was two 
months old. His confidence in himself, his power to 
adapt to unfavourable surroundings, was as advanced 
at this age as the St Bernards at four months. He 
reminded me of a forward boy, lacking in all true 
modesty and due appreciation of what was due to his 
seniors. Yet this mongrel, by virtue of this very 
psychic condition, succeeds in his purposes, if one 
may so express it. 
In the litter of St Bernards, the most prominent and 
precocious one could not compare with this mongrel. 
In the lower animals, development is so rapid that new 
features in the psychic character at time seem to reach 
