THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 225 
is one reason why parasites are so injurious to vely 
young animals. 
As in the case of the dog, a young kitten, even on 
the day of its birth, will be slow to crawl off a surface 
—asa table. These animals have what amounts to a 
sense of support, the absence of which causes them 
uneasy sensations. They turn away from the space 
beyond their support because it does not afford the 
essential sensation, and as I have remarked in my first 
paper on the dog, this seems to me as fundamental as 
anything that is to be found in animal psychology. 
In the cat, as in the dog, the winking reflex is slowly 
developed, and is never so marked as in man. A cat 
can look at one much more steadily than a dog, and for 
a longer time, a fact which has its own psychical 
significance. 
The cat knows no shyness or modesty in the sense in 
which a dog, especially a pure-bred dog, experiences 
such a feeling. 
In one particular the cat is greatly in advance of the 
dog at the corresponding period, and also finally, viz. 
in co-ordination of voluntary movements. 
Though according to my notes, the kitten did not 
begin to use the limbs in scratching (quite a complicated 
movement for a young animal) much before the puppy, 
if at all, still progress, even in this direction, was much 
more rapid in the cat. J have taken care to give a very 
complete account of the movements (actions) of the 
kitten, so that there might be available a full history 
of the development of these movements in an animal 
in which they finally reach extraordinary perfection. 
There is no comparison between a puppy’s range of 
co-ordinated movements at three months, and those of 
a kitten of the same age. 
That in the course of evolution the possession of sharp 
nails has had much to do with this, | feel satisfied. 
P 
