THE PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 255 
times even when they do. The essential vital processes 
of the body seem to be deranged by cold. 
The eyes, though shut for the lst day, or a greater 
part of it, can be opened forcibly. Nevertheless, the 
slit between the lids is at first very small. There 
is no doubt, in my mind, that pigeons are blind at birth. 
The records show that they can soon see, and so early 
as the 6th day can distinguish objects at the distance 
of 1 foot. 
The diaries give facts which will enable one to note 
the rate at which progress in this direction takes place. 
By about the 10th day the pigeon’s vision for objects 
anywhere in a good-sized loft is excellent. 
The practical absence of the winking reflex in young 
pigeons is noteworthy. However, it is not easy to 
cause mature birds to wink. Moving an object before 
its head, when the bird is held in the hand, causes 
movement of the head rather than winking. 
The pupillary reflex is, however, soon and well 
established in birds. 
There is no doubt that the newly-hatched pigeon is 
deaf, but I have found that hearing may be demon- 
strated on the 2nd day in some cases. 
It is very rare, indeed, that pigeons manifest any 
signs of hostility, etc., when caught up in the hands. 
Birds sitting on the nest will sometimes, however, 
peck vigorously, and the early age at which this pecking 
or snapping of the beak is exhibited seems to me note- 
worthy. It illustrates how purely instinctive the 
matter is. It reminds me forcibly of the hissing of the 
young kitten, the more so, as both are often evidences 
of surprise rather than real hostility. 
I have not noticed that the newly-born pigeon has 
voice, but after a few days (five in one case) the bird 
“squeaks” on the approach of the parents, and especi- 
ally when being fed, 
