Studies on Tipulidae 11. 169 
the different parts of the organization of the Tipulidae, and com- 
pare them with the corresponding parts in other families. 
The eyes of the Tipulidae are rounded or oval, and never 
exeised on the inside (reniform or lunate) like those of most Ouli- 
cidae, Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Simulidae and some Myce- 
tophilidae. They are never contignous in either sex; the facets 
upon them are never divided into two groups of larger upper and 
smaller lower facets (as is the case in the Bibionidae, Simulidae, 
Blepharoceridae). 
The ocelli are, with rare exceptions (Trichocera), wanting; and 
this character the Tipulidae share with the Oulicidae, Chironomi- 
dae, Psychodidae, Simulidae and most Cecidomyidae. 
The mouthparts of the Tipulidae (labrum, hypopharynx, un- 
derlip and hardly developed maxillae) never have the development 
attained by the bloodsucking genera in the neighbouring families 
(Culex, Ceratopogon, Simulium, Blepharocera, Phlebotomus). 
The usual type of the antennal flagellum of the Tipulidae is 
composed of joints that are obturbinate, vertieillate, gradually dimi- 
nishing in size towards the tip; the divisions between the joints are 
well-marked by a deep constrietion; but the joints are very seldom, 
and then only apparently, pedicelled (in Rhipidia and certain spe- 
cies of Rhypholophus). I say apparently, because in such 
cases there is no real pedicel, but an elongation of the joint in 
front, which produces the appearance of a pedicel for the next 
joint. The joints here are never absolutely eylindrical and, at the 
same time, sessile, as in some Cecidomyiae (Asphondylia, Spa- 
niocera), or of the compressed, disciform shape, so common among 
Mycetophilidae; nor do they have the bushy hairs, so com- 
mon among the males of the Culicidae and Chironomidae. 
The typical obturbinate and verticillate shape of the antennal 
joints is obliterated when the antennae are pectinate (Ötenophora, 
Gynoplistia ete.) or serrate (Ctenophora 2; the females of Gy- 
noplistia often return to the typical obturbinate type); or when 
the antennae become abnormally long, and therefore filiform, as 
in Megistocera, Macromastix, some Eriocerae, Anisomerae, 
Limnophilae etc. With regard to the number of antennal joints, 
the Tipulidae do not differ much from the other Nemocera; the 
great majority of them have 2 + 11, 2 + 12 or 2 + 14 joints; the 
great majority of the Mycetophilidae have 2 + 14, the Culi- 
cidae 2 + 12, the Chironomidae from 2 + 10to 2 + 13 (in 
the male; much less in the female); the Cecidomyidae 2 + 12, 
or double this number 2 + 24. 
