Studies on Tipulidae II. 227 
Moreover the existing classification of inseets is primarily based 
on the characters of the perfect insect, and not of the larva, and 
from this point of view the Ptychopterina must be considered as 
Tipulidae. The only character which Dr. Brauer adduces in sup- 
port of his view (Die Zweifl. d. Kais. Mus. in Wien I, p. 8 nota, 
or Denkschr. d. Math.-naturw. Kl. d. Kais. Acad. d. Wiss. Vol. 42 
p. 112, 1880) is based upon an erroneus interpretation of the tho- 
racic furrows of Piychoptera. The thoracic suture, characteristic 
of the Tipulidae, is present in Ptychoptera, and is in its usual place, 
but it is overshadowed by the presence of deep longitudinal thoraeic 
furrows, peculiar to this genus. Had Dr. Brauer examined other 
genera of Ptychopterina, as Tanyderus or Idioplasta, he would 
never have advanced his argument. 
For these reasons it is impossible to admit the location of the 
Ptychopteridae among Dr. Brauer’'s Orthorrapha eucephala 
(Culicidae in the broader sense; compare Brauer, Zweifl. d. Kais. 
Mus. etc. II, p. 10—11, 1883). 
Ptychoptera. 
Meigen, in Illiger's Magaz. 1803, Vol. 2, p. 262; O. Sacken 
Monogr. etc. IV, p. 309, Tab. 2, f. 19, wing. 
Five european and two or three north-american species are known- 
Dr. Weyenbergh mentions the occurence of this genus in the Argen- 
tine Republic in Napp, La Republica Argentina 1876, p. 167; com- 
pare Arribalzaga, Bolet. Acad. etc. Vol. IV, p. 123. The larva of 
P. contaminata is described by Grobben, Sitzungsb. d. K. Ace. d. 
Wiss. Vol. LXXII, 1875 (w. plate) from the anatomical point of view 
prineipally. The larva of P.lacustris is described by Beling, Verh. 
Z. B. Ges. 1886, p. 171. A new figure of the larva of Ptychoptera 
is given by Brauer, Denkschr. d. Mat. Naturw. Kl. d. Kais. Acad. 
d. Wiss. Vol. 47, Tab. 1, f. 18, Tab. 2, f. 19. About the mythical 
P. pectinata Macq. H. N. Dipt. I, p. 177 compare below, under 
Ctenoceria Rond. It was probably a Ptychoptera with the head of 
a Ötenophora glued on. 
The Tychoptera Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Ins. Vol. 
XIV, 1804 is a compound of Tipula and ‚Ptychoptera; the name 
has been abandoned afterwards (comp. Monogr. etc- IV, p. 9). 
Bittacomorpha. 
Westwood, Lond. and Edinb. Philos. Mag. VI, p. 281; 1835. 
O. Sacken, Monogr. etc. IV, p. 313, Tab. 2, f. 20, wing; Tab. 4, 
f. 31, forceps. 
XXXI. Heft IL. 15 
