92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 



boilers as used in towns than it was to get rid of the same 

 nuisances in railway locomotive practice, the rapid combus- 

 tion and large consumption per square foot of grate surface, 

 amounting in some cases to as high as 80 or 90 lbs. per hour, 

 made perfect combustion in the small fire-box of a locomo- 

 tive a difficult end to obtain. However, the locomotive fire- 

 boxes of Messrs. Wootten & Strong, with their, comparatively- 

 speaking, enormous grate surfaces and slow combustion, were 

 a step in the right direction, time being necessary for perfect 

 combination in combustion. 



In reply to Dr. Ellis, he said the full details and results of 

 Messrs. Kestner & Meunier's extended experiments that seem 

 to contradict Dulong's formula, were to be found in the " Bulle- 

 tin de la Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse," 1868, 1869, 1871 ; 

 in " The Annales de Chimie," 4th series XXX., 5th series 

 II., XXL, 6th .'series II.; and in the " Comptes Rendus de 

 r Academic," 2me S^rie, 1869, and they were understood to 

 have been carried out in the direct production of steam in a 

 boiler and not in minute laboratory experiments. 



M. L. Gruner had endeavoured to explain away the appar- 

 ent anomaly between formula and experiment, and a partial 

 translation and condensation of his paper from the French 

 had been reproduced by R. P. Rothwell in the " Engineering 

 and Mining Journal " of 1874. 



Mr. M. L. Rouse then read a paper on " The Analogy be- 

 tween Consonants and Musical Instruments," of which the 

 following is an abstract : 



Taking pains to distinguish between a truly aspirated consonant 

 and a consonant with /i prefixed to it (the suffixing of h producing 

 no blending at all), he showed that aspiration always consisted in 

 bringing the lower oi-gan of speech (tongue or lower lip) into the 

 right position for uttei-ing the simple sound, and then flattening it a 

 little and breathing over it. And by this definition he added two 

 aspirated consonants to the already received category— namely, the 

 Continental rolling r and the Irish I, which is heard when a native 

 Irishman utters the words milk, help, hill, &c., and is also prevalent 

 among the French. Eliminating, tlien, all compound sounds, he 



