164] ANNUAL REGISTER, 1S13. 



'' The fixing of the boundaries of 

 each state will not in future de- 

 pend on the pleasure of a single 

 sovereign, or on the right of con- 

 quest, but on the consent of other 

 powers. Such is the wish of my 

 master— the object of this war — 

 the spirit of the peace which must 

 be conquered, and which shall re- 

 store their rights to every people 

 in Europe." 



Whilst Germany was the pri*n- 

 cipal field of the operations of the 

 allied arms, the court of Austria 

 was not inattentive to the libera- 

 tion of the north of Italy ; and in 

 addition to the efforts making on 

 the side of Venice, and on the 

 Adriatic, it sent a powerful army 

 across the Alps in the direction of 

 Trent. The Baron Von Hiller, 

 with the title of commander-in- 

 chief of the Imperial and Royal 

 army of the Tyrol and of Italy, 

 published a proclamation to the 

 people of Italy, dated at Trent, 

 October 26th, in which he an- 

 nounces that he has passed the 

 Alps with an army of 60,000 men, 

 that he has turned at their sources 

 the Isonzo, the Taghamento, the 

 Piave, and the Brenta, and that 

 the deliverance of Verona, Man- 

 tua, and Milan, may shortly be 

 expected. In energetic language 

 he calls upon theltahans to join in 

 the general deliverance of Europe 

 from tyranny, and holds out the 

 prospect of fresh armies coming 

 to their succour. 



The city of Frankfort was now 

 to be honoured with such an 

 assemblage of sovereigns as have 

 seldom been seen uoited in person 

 in maintaining a common cause. 

 -On November the 5th, the empe- 

 ror Alexander made his entrance 

 on horseback at the head of the 



Russian and Prussian guards, com- 

 manded by the Grand Duke Con- 

 stantine. He was soon followed 

 by the Austrian Emperor, accom- 

 panied by a numerous and splen- 

 did attendance, and several foreign 

 ministers. They were afterwards 

 joined by the kings of Prussia and 

 Bavaria, and by several of the 

 sovereign princes of Germany. A 

 treaty was about this time con- 

 cluded at Fulda between the em- 

 peror of Austria and the king of 

 Wurtemberg, by virtue of which 

 the latter renounced the confede- 

 ration of the Rhine, and agreed to 

 join his troops with those of the 

 allies. Well might Napoleon say> 

 when thus deserted by kings of his 

 own creation, "all the world is 

 now against us." 



Previously to these latter trans- 

 actions, various operationshad been 

 carrying on in Carniola and Istria, 

 between the forces of the viceroy 

 Eugene Beauharnois and general 

 Nugent. The former had his prin- 

 cipal force at Laybach ; and find- 

 ing himself much incommoded by 

 the position of Nugent, he attacked 

 it with a very superior force, but 

 failed in his object, and the Aus- 

 trians gained possession of the 

 whole of Istria guarding the ridge 

 of mountains which run from 

 Trieste to Fiume. Various move- 

 ments ensued in consequence of 

 the Viceroy's attempt to keep up 

 a communication with Trieste, 

 which was threatened by Nugent, 

 in concert with admiral Freeman- 

 tie, the British commander in the 

 Adriatic. At length the French, 

 after considerable losses, were 

 obliged to retire across the Lisonzo 

 into Italy, leaving Gorizia in the 

 handsof the Austrians. On Octo- 

 ber 12th, the town of Trieste was 



