GASTROPODA. 987 
Lophospira augustina.] 
The prominence of the peripheral band varies considerably. Asa rule it is the 
most pronounced in specimens from the Richmond group and least in those obtained 
from the “Upper Nashville” of Tennessee and the Lorraine of Kentucky and Ohio. 
The apical angle also is variable though fairly constant in specimens from a given 
locality and horizon, The Lorraine variety is the widest, the Trimble county 
Kentucky, and Tennessee specimens the narrowest. The latter look like our fig. 42 
only not so angular. Fig. 40 is perhaps a fair average for the species. 
Cincinnati collectors formerly confounded casts of this species with Hormotoma 
bellicincta Hall sp., but we now know it as a totally distinct shell. Hormotoma has a 
concave band and, as may be seen from our figures, differs in many other respects, 
while ZL. bowdent has the band of a Lophospira and in reality differs from such a 
typical species of the genus as L. owen chiefly in the hight of the spire. 
Formation and locality Upper Nashville” near Hartsville and at other localities in Tennessee; 
Lorraine group at numerous localities in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky; Richmond group at many localities 
in the same states, especially in the upper fifty feet in Kentucky. 
Collections.—Prof. J. M. Safford; BH. O. Ulrich. 
LopHosrira AuGustTina Billings. 
PLATE LXXI, FIGS. 1 and 2. 
Murchisonia augustina BILLINGS, 1865, Pal. Foss., vol. i, p. 234. 
Hight 80 to 120 mm., apical angle 33° to 40°; whorls eight or nine, perhaps 
ten, yet casts of the interior, in which condition only the species has been observed 
in Minnesota, rarely preserve more than the last four or five. Whorls (of casts) 
strongly convex, obtusely angulated just below the middle, angular above, forming 
a narrow horizontal space at the broad open suture. Aperture about as wide as 
high, slightly drawn out and channelled at the lower angle. The lip is free all 
around, on the upper side in contact with the penultimate whorl, on the inner side 
with a broad fold which never quite closes the umbilical perforation. The latter is 
represented in casts by a flattened spirally twisted core. Casts of the interior 
preserve not even a trace of the surface markings, nor are they clearly indicated in 
the molds of the exterior seen by us. As near as can be determined from the 
material at hand, they consist, as described by Billings, of obscure undulations 
curving strongly backwards to the rounded peripheral band. The shell itself was 
strong and thick, especially in its sutural parts. 
This is one of the forms usually identified with Hall’s Murchisonia major, but if 
our views of that shell are correct, then this is most certainly distinct, while it 
seems to be equally certain that it is the same as the Newfoundland species which 
Billings has called Murchisonia augustina. Billings, it is true, considered the augustina 
