79 



meut of Agriculture, with a view to duplicatiug tbem at liis owu 

 station. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



The Austro-Huugariau Empire as a whole has done little in the way 

 of official economic entomology. Austria pro])er resembles Germany; 

 general entomological education is so far advanced, semipopular works 

 upon entomology are so abundant, and the croj) conditions are such, 

 that the necessity for official work has not been felt. Vincent Kollar 

 writing- from 1824 to 1858, particularly after his connection with tlie 

 Zoological Museum at Vienna, paid special attention to injurious 

 insects, and as his museum position w as an official one he may be said 

 to have been, to a certain extent, an official entomologist. His well- 

 known work entitled TsTaturgeschichte der schiidlichen lusekten in Bezug 

 auf Landwirthschaft und Forstkultur was published privately in 

 Vienna in 1837, but its conteuts were based upon researches made 

 under government pay. A translation of this work into English, by 

 Loudon, with added notes by Westwood, published three years later 

 in London, for many years remained a standard and accessible work 

 upon European injurious insects. It is unfortunate that in the trans- 

 lation Kollar's name became Kollar. Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld, 

 writing from 1847 to 1801, published a number of notices upon injuriou.s 

 insects, and other Austrian writers have done the same. Among the 

 many semipopular works upon economic entomology may be mentioned 

 G. Henschel's volume on Injurious Insects of Farm and Kitchen- 

 Garden ; Their Life Histories and Eemedies, published in 1890, at 

 Vienna. The department of forest insects is well cared for by forestry 

 officials, as in Germany. 



True official encouragement of economic entomology in the Austro- 

 Hungarian Empire, is. however, confined to the kindoms of Hungary 

 and Bohemia. 



Hungary. — The work in economic entomology carried on under 

 official auspices in the Kingdom of Hungary is done by the Royal State 

 Entomological Station at Budapest, under the learned and able direc- 

 tion of Dr. Geza Horvath. The station was founded in 1881 by tlie 

 Government as a Phylloxera experiment station, with the practical end 

 in view of the study of the grapevine Phylloxei^i and the remedial 

 measures to be used against it. The organization of the station was 

 placed in the hands of Dr. Horvath, who had already established a firm 

 reputation for himself in the field of economic and scientific entomol- 

 ogy, although the Phylloxera had for some years been the main object 

 of his investigations. As the Phylloxera question, however, became 

 more and more elucidated, and as the means of defense against this 

 scourge became reduced to a practical basis, the work of the station 

 became directed more and more toward other noxious insects. In con- 

 formity with this gradual change the name of the station has been 



