85 



solely responsible for the development of the science in that country. 

 He bad publisbed a number of important papers relative to injurious 

 insects, and was favorably known as a scientific entomologist through 

 his papers on Norwegian Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and 

 Diptera. In 1891 he was appointed by the Government "Landbrugs- 

 entomolog" and Parliament voted an annual pay of 1,000 kroner, 

 equivalent to $270. Correspondence with farmers and horticulturists 

 was worked up and an annual report was published in that year, as 

 well as the following years. In 1893 Mr. Schoyen's compensation was 

 raised to 1,200 kroner, and in 1894 he was appointed Government ento- 

 mologist and was voted a salary of 3,000 kroner ($810) with traveling 

 expenses. He was instructed to study insects and fungi in their rela- 

 tions to agriculture and horticulture, as well as to forests. In his three 

 annual reports Mr. Schoyeu has treated of the insects injurious to a 

 number of different crops, his matter consisting mainly of short notes 

 classified according to crops. He has also published pamphlets upon 

 the Hessian fly and several other insects. Since his appointment as 

 Government entomologist he has resigned his curatorship in the uni- 

 versity and in future will devote his entire time to economic work. 



SWEDEN. 



After one or two unsuccessful applications during the late seventies 

 by the Royal Academy of Agriculture of Stockholm, the King ol Swe- 

 den, on February 23, 1880, appropriated 1,000 kronor as an annual sal- 

 ary for an entomologist in the service of the academy, whose duties 

 should be to distribute information upon injurious insects and to try 

 to prevent the damage done by such insects. This appropriation was 

 made annually to the academy until 1890. The Bureau of Agriculture 

 was then founded, and the api^ropriation was transferred to this bureau. 

 The compensation was increased in 1893 to 1,500 kronor. The first 

 appointee under the appropriation of 1880 was Dr. August Emil Holm- 

 gren, a well-known writer on insects, as well as a distinguished student 

 of the order Hymenoptera. Dr. Holmgren's position was that of lec- 

 turer on natural history at the Institute of Forestry, and he also taught 

 practical entomology during his vacation at the agricultural school at 

 Alnasp. If Dr. Holmgren imblished definite reports as the official 

 outcome of his work I have not been able to find any reference to 

 them. Such reports may have been filed with the Bureau of Agricul- 

 ture, as has been the case in later years, without receiving official 

 publication. He did, however, a great deal to jiopularize entomology 

 in Sweden, published abstracts and translations of German works, 

 particularly those upon forest insects, and, in fact, translated Ratze- 

 burg's Die Forst-Insekten into Swedish. He labored under many dif- 

 ficulties, the text of the appropriation implying that the officer already 

 possessed the necessary knowledge for advising farmers, and no funds 

 were advanced to enable him to carry on experimental work — the whole 



