289 



tbem were still giving birth to au occasional young, while their early 

 oftspring were also rapidly reproducing. 



At the rate of development observed, between May 15 and October 

 15, four generations from the over-wintered females developed. The 

 larvte continued to issue until after the first frost in October at Wash- 

 ington, and on October 24, at Lewisburg, Pa., the writer saw recently- 

 settled larvoe of not more than five days of age. 



There seem, then, to be five generations in the latitude of Wash- 

 ington. Owing to the method of reproduction these generations 

 immediately become inextricably confused, and the insect after the 

 middle of June may be found at any time in almost any condition. The 

 females which over-winter have, in the great majority of cases, reached 

 a sufficient degree of maturity to have become impregnated by late- 

 issuing males. It seems probable that the male rarely hibernates in 

 any stage, although we received on April 3 from Charlottesville, Va., 

 twigs which carried a lew male scales containing males in the pupa 

 state. These probably hibernated as full-grown male larvte. Whetiier 

 unfertilized females over- winter we are not certain; if they do, these 

 occasional over- wintering males will fertilize them. 



The San Jose scale differs from all others in the peculiar reddening 

 effect which it produces upon the skin of the fruit and offender twigs. 

 This very characteristic feature of the insect's work renders it easy 

 to distinguish. Around the margin of each female scale is a circular 

 band of this reddish discoloration, and the cambium layer of a young 

 twig where the scales are massed together frequently becomes deep red 

 or purplish. Small spots on fruit produced by a common fungus, 

 Entomosporium maculatum Lev,, sometimes so closely resemble the spots 

 made by the scale as to require close examination with a lens. When 

 occurring in winter upon the bark of a twig in large numbers, the scales 

 lie close together, frequently overlapping, and are at such times difficult 

 to distinguish without a magnifying glass. The general appearam^e 

 which they ])resent is of a grayish, very slightly roughened, scurfy 

 deposit. The rich natural reddish color of the twigs of i)each and apple 

 is quijte obscured when these trees are thickly infested, and they have 

 then every appearance of being thickly coated with lime or ashes. Even 

 without a magnifying glass, however, their presence can be readily 

 noted if the twig be scraped with the finger nail, when a yellowish oily 

 liquid will appear, resulting from the crushing of the bodies of the 

 insects. 



PARA8ITES. 



The only parasite which has been reared in the East is Aphelinus 

 fuscipennis How., a common and widespread i^arasite of armored 

 scales Several specimens of this insect have been reared in TSTew 

 Jersey by Professor Smith, and on November 18, 1894, 1 found scales 

 at Riverside, Md., pierced with parasite holes, which were probably 

 made by this species. In California Mr. Coquillett has reared a 



