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beginner, because it is easily investigated and is immediately fruitful 

 of practical results 5 and no small amount of excellent work lias been 

 done on it during the past year, as for several years preceding. The 

 arsenical poisons liave been, as heretofore, by far the most extensively 

 handled in experimental work, as by Washburn, in Oregon, who has 

 brought the expense of sprayings for the codling moth down to 11 cents a. 

 tree each ; and by Orcutt, in South Dakota, where a horse apparatus for 

 the distribution of poisons in the potato field has been devised and suc- 

 cessfully used ; and by Woodworth, who reports from California, as the 

 result of a long list of comparative trials, that 1 pound of Paris green 

 to IGO gallons of water served the best purpose for the apple and the 

 pear, and saved two-thirds of the fruit which would otherwise have 

 gone to the codling moth ; and by Com stock and Slingerland in New 

 York, where the arsenical poisons were proven to be without effect on 

 wireworms; and in New Jersey, by John B. Smith, who found it prac- 

 ticable to destroy the elm leaf-beetle with London purple ; and again 

 by Woodworth, who has done a large amount of valuable work, of a 

 kind which I have already characterized as horticultural, in determin- 

 ing precisely the effect on different kinds of foliage of various percent- 

 ages of arsenical compounds or mixtures under various conditions of 

 application. Osborn, in Iowa, has found the arsenite of ammonia effec- 

 tive against many kinds of insects and not noticeably injurious to 

 foliage. Fernald uses a pound of Paris green to 160 gallons of water — a 

 level teasjDoonfiil to a pailful— as a safe and eifective application for 

 various cranberry insects, and finds as the outcome of a long series of 

 careful comparative experiments that a pound of Paris green to 200 

 or 300 gallons of water is safe for the apple and destructive to tent cater- 

 pillars of all ages. Another useful insecticide is the XO dust, recom- 

 mended for plant- lice by Miss Murtfeldt, of Missoim, and by Prof. John 

 B. Smith, for the cabbage worm. The extensive insecticide work in 

 Massachusetts done in connection with the remarkable campaign there 

 against the gypsy moth must have received the careful attention of every 

 American economic entomologist. 



Kerosene emulsion has been fully studied as to methods of prepara- 

 tion with various kinds of soap, hard and soi^, and with milk, by Cook, 

 of Michigan ; has been used with success by Fletcher, of Canada, for 

 the cabbage Plutella; by Fernald, of Massachusetts, on the red spider; 

 by Dr. Jabez Fisher, of the same State, for the pear-tree Psylla; by 

 Eichman, in Utah, for the cabbage flea-beetle, and by Osborn, in Iowa, 

 for plant-lice of all descriptions. Applied to the asparagus beetle by 

 Smith, in New Jersey, it killed a large part of the larvfe, but not the 

 eggs. A notable idea in the application of kerosene has been worked 

 out by Goflf, the experiment station horticulturist in Wisconsin, who- 

 has devised a pump and nozzle by which kerosene and water are mixed 

 immediately at the nozzle in any desired proportions, and thrown out 

 as a fine spray without the necessity of previous emulsification. 



