162 



of the piercing flies and the flexible, sensitive ligula of the bees. In 

 the structure of the galea, yet more marked changes occur, the differ- 

 ence between the palpiform organs in some Coleoptera, the united rigid 

 beak-like form in the Hemiptera, the flexible coil-like structure in the 

 Lepidoptera, and the peculiar tongue-like organ in some Diptera being 

 vastly greater than anything seen in the palpifer. In the Panorpidte of 

 the order Neuroptera we have, however, a development of the palpifer, 

 which is not rigid, but is membranous, though not flexible, and which 

 is set with hair which, in i^art at least, is tactile in function. 



Fig. 12.— A, Maxilla of Pro?!,M6a cf c, cardo; s, stipes; pfr, palpifer; p, palpus; j?, galea. 5, Maxilla 

 of Ncmognatha, s, stipes; pfr, palpifer: p, palpus; g, galea; ?,lacinia. Cf), palpus; ju/r, palpifer of 

 Erax. X), Maxilla of ProHMfca ? c, cardo; «, stipes; 2'f>'i palpifer; p, palpus; g, galea. jB, Maxilla of 

 Bittacus, c, cardo; s, stipes; pfr, palpifer; p, palpus; (?>, galea, first joint; g', galea, second joint; sg, 

 sub-galea; I, lacinia. (From drawings by John B. Smith.) 



In this same family of Panorpidte we have, by the by, a most re- 

 markable example of the elongation of the mouth parts. The lacinia is 

 smaU, yet obvious; the subgalea is elongated from each side, forming 



