211 



(10) Is this i<li>nti<'al wiili \vh;il is r:!!!!^! tlic I'liylloxrra <>r mot jmnisitf oftlit- (Jriipe 

 that lias killed ami rniiuMl s<> many of the viueyards of Fraueef 



(11) Is there danger of leavinjj the disease in other roots in the ••ronud, sueh as 

 sprouts of Oak, Hickory, Suniach, or Sassafras, and r«t miiinj;- to new trees set ont 

 afterward? 



(12) I have often seen this white, ( londy ai»i)earan<e on the roots, near the top of 

 tlie gronnd, and inandaronnd the young tree stock or trunk, one to three inches above 

 the ground. Hoes this convey disease or infection to other trees near by? 



( 13) Supi)ose a tree, infected, stands twenty feet from one that is entirely free;, or, sup- 

 pose an infected tree stau<ls twenty feet in an orchard from any surrounding trees or 

 trees, is there any way, by wind, air, fog, dampness, or migration, that these; otlu-r 

 trees could become diseased or infe<tedf 



(14) Are ashes (unleached) or lime the best to use in the holes of tin; disjdactMl 

 trees? * * » [James W. Simpson, Arkansas. 



Ueply. — ' * * (1) New trees costing from .$4.50 to $6 i)er hundred would prob- 

 ably cost less than the application of the remedy suggested, but the labor of taking 

 up the old trees and planting the new ones is at least an offset to the labor of apply- 

 ing the insecticides; and you will tind after all that tbe remedy is cheaper. 



(2) The remedy suggested, if thoroughly applied, will be safe and sure, and it will 

 not be dangerous to let the infested trees stand after they have been treated. 



(3) Whether the trees will, after treatment, become as strong, healthy, and fruit- 

 ful as they would if they had not been attacked, is a question which can only be 

 decided by ocular examination of their present condition. The extent to which 

 they have been injured already can hardly be determined at this distance. 



(4) If new trees were planted immediately in the old holes, the probabilities are 

 that some lice will have been left in some of the holes and that the new trees will 

 become infested. 



(5) This plan will answer if the old earth is removed and new earth taken from 

 a distance of several feet from the infested trees is filled in. 



(6) The plan proposed by your neighbors will be effectual, but that suggested in 

 the answer to Xo. 5 Avill answer equally as well. 



(7) Your ground did not give the disease to the young trees, as the insect occurs 

 only on the Apple and some few allied trees, such as the wild Haw and other species 

 of Crat(rgu8. 



(8) Either ashes or lime placed abundantly in the holes will destroy the few lice 

 which will be left. I should say that a month of this treatment would suffice. 



(9) This question is answered under No. 7. 



(10) No. It is quite different from Phylloxera, agreeing only in having an under- 

 ground and an aerial form. 



(11) No. Only of those mentioned in No. 7. 



(12) The insect is spread by the occasional appearance of a winged generation of 

 lice which fly for some distance. These usually, if not invariably, develop above 

 ground on the trunk of the tree or the larger branches. 



(13) Answered under No. 12. 



(14) Either will do. I have no idea as to their relative merits in such a case. 



On the whole, I would certainly recommend you, if your orchard is as badly in- 

 fested as I infer from your account, not to i>lant new trees in the same orchard after 

 rooting up and destroying those now in the ground without first grafting upon some 

 resistant variety. This may take a little longer to renew your orchard, but will in 

 the end be the most satisfactory covirse. The experience in New Zealand and Aus- 

 tralia shows very fully that the Northern Spy and AYinter Majetin are practically 

 proof against the insect aud by grafting upon these and taking care that the new 

 stock does not sucker below ground, you will, in my judgment, most successfully 

 contend against the insect ; for, however thoroughly you may now free your orchard, 

 there is nothing to prevent continual introduction in the winged form from other 

 orchards in your neighliorhood, even if miles away. I do not, of course, know 



