303 



Fr. Brauor as Hypoderma honassi in 1875 ( Verhandl. dciK. K. Zool. Bot. 

 Gesellscb. in Wieii, 1875, p. 75, pi. iv. Figs 2, 2'') from the larva only, 

 specimens of which had been received from Dr. H. A. Ilagen, of Cam- 

 bridge, obtained in Colorado by Mr. J. A. Allen, from the American 

 Bison or Buffalo. IVIr. Allen found it comparatively rare on the Buffalo, 

 his specimens having been obtained from one individual of many exam- 

 ined. Clark in his " Essay," etc., 1815 (pj). 37 and 72), considered it a 

 variety of bovis, and later, 1843, as the male of bovi,s. Dr. Brauer has 

 shown it to be a distinct species, but its host relations were not 

 established until 1890. On the authority of the observations of Win- 

 nertz, Brauer, in his monograph mentioned as the probable hosts the 

 cow and sheep. All doubts on this point were, however, disi)elled by 

 the observations of the late Dr. Adam Handlirsch independent of, and 

 later in connection with, Dr. Brauer, and detailed in Dr. Brauer's recent 

 communication.* 



In 1888 Dr. Handlirsch took adults of this insect in a field in which 

 cattle were pastured, and in 1889 Handlirsch, while in company with 

 Dr. Brauer, found apuparium in a cow pasture, which was smaller than 

 the puparium of hovi,s, resembling somewhat that of H. diana, and he 

 also took adults of Hneata in the same pasture. This puparium, how- 

 ever, upon comparison, was found to agree entirely Avith thelarvfe ob- 

 tained from the American bison referred to above. 



Again, in 1890, Brauer, in company with a brother of Dr. Handlirsch, 

 visited the same region and obtained some larva? from the backs of 

 cattle, one of which belonged to bovis and three to lineata. The lar- 

 vae referred to Hneata, obtained from cattle by Brauer, differ in no 

 wise from the larvte obtained from the American bison, and the pupa- 

 rium mentioned also presents a full agreement with the characters of 

 this larva. The adults of lineata taken in Europe also agree in every 

 particular with those received from the United States. Both these 

 species of Hypoderma occur, on the authority of Brauer, throughout 

 Euro]ie, having been found in Switzerland, Norway, Crimea, the Bal- 

 kans, the Caucasus, England, Lower and Upper Austria, etc. In Styria 

 and Hungary, however, he found only Hypoderma bovis. These species 

 not only occur very commonly throughout the regions named, but fre- 

 quently on the same animal. 



Whether lineata is of European or American origin remains to be de- 

 termined. In North America Brauer quotes it from Texas and on Wil- 

 liston's authority as ranging to Arizona and Northern California, while 

 in 1853 Walker described it from Nova Scotia as (Estrus supplens. It 

 is possible that it was originally the bot of our native buffalo. Its com- 

 parative rarity on the bison, however, and its great abundance on do- 



* Verhandlungen derKaiserlich-koenigliohen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft 

 in Wien. Wien, 1890, p. 509. " Teber die Feststellung des AVohnthieresder Hypoderma 

 lineata Villers diircli Dr. Adam Handlirsch und andere Uutersuchuugen und Beob- 

 achtungen an Oestrideu." 



