15 
the crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts, that are common pasture and 
meadow pests, feeding above ground upon the leaves and presenting 
but one brood each year. Most of them deposit eggs in fall, but a few 
in spring and early summer. Many of them can be attacked directly 
with good success. While such methods as harvesting, etec., are avail- 
able in particular cases, it would seem to me an excellent plan to use 
the tar pan repeatedly along the edges of farm roads or over hard ground 
where the females congregate to deposit eggs late in the fall, prevent- 
ing, as far as possible, the deposition of eggs. This might be followed 
with the ordinary method of plowing such places late in the fall. Aside 
from these general groups which have been mentioned, there are various 
species among the other orders, and also a few mites, which may be 
considered as meadow and pasture pests. 
In the discussion of treatment we may consider (1) the natural checks 
and enemies of grass insects, (2) agricultural methods, and (3) direet 
methods of attack. 
Considering now the agencies for the control of these insects we 
have as natural agents’ (1) the climatic conditions, and (2) the natural 
enemies. It is a matter of common observation that insects, especially 
such forms as chinch bugs, plant lice, leaf hoppers, etc., are affected by 
conditions of weather, especially being retarded by cold and wet 
seasons, so that their injuries at such times may fall far below what 
would be expected under other conditions. Such conditions of 
weather can not be controlled, but it is in some cases possible to adapt 
crops with reference to them, or in case of pasture and meadow to 
take account of these in the planning of pasturage or regulating the 
number of animals pastured on a given area. Most of these pests 
_ have their natural enemies; a mention of the Tachinide and Ichneu- 
monide, Acaride, and of various birds, rodents, and insectivorous 
animals would be sufficient to indicate the sources of benefit. It may 
be well to emphasize, however, the importance of frogs, moles, skunks, 
raccoons, and so far as the pastures are concerned, the common 
striped squirrels as agents in the destruction of grasshoppers, cut- 
worms, wireworms and many other of the pasture pests, and we may 
also expect some help through the various fungi which tend to propa- 
gate and distribute themselves. 
AGRICULTURAL METHODS. 
Under this head we may place such methods as cropping, and also 
the regulation at times of plowing and harvesting, etc., which are for 
the purpose of affecting certain insects. These must necessarily depend 
on the life histories of the insects which it is intended to attack. 
_ There is naturally the probability of the presence of a number of 
_ different kinds of insects on the same land, and frequently treatments 
must be planned separately for the different species. In some eases, 
however, a method may be adapted to affect a number of different 
