159 



The loss is shown to fall largely on the cattle-owners by waste of food 

 not formed into beef or milk, and also, but to a less extent, on butchers 

 in the deficiency of receipt per pound on the carcass and on the hide. 

 We reproduce a single instance given by Miss Ormerod to indicate the 

 extent of the loss so resulting. A heifer which turned out a much 

 lighter weight than was expected proved to be badly warbled. " The 

 loss on the hide at Id. per pound would be about 5s. ($1.25) ; the loss on 

 the beef, the animal being sold by the stone, fell on the owner. This 

 was estimated at least six stone less than it should have been, and de- 

 ficiency in weight on hide and beef was put at 50s. to 60s. ($12 to $15). 



Fig. 27. — Piece of warbled hide, warbles about half size (after Ormerod). 



The mischief done to the hides in the decreased value of the tanned 

 product is also discussed by Miss Ormerod, and figures are given, which 

 we reproduce, showing a portion of the under side of a warbled hide, 

 warbles about half size, and a portion of inside of tanued warbled hide. 



The aggregate loss in England from warble attacks as estimaled by 

 different practical men is put at from £2,000,000 to £7,000,000 sterling, 

 at least, per annum, or perhaps as much as £1 per head of horned 

 cattle. 



THE MINNESOTA LOCUST OUTBREAK. 



The report of Prof. O. Lugger, Entomologist of the Minnesota Agri- 

 cultural Experiment Station, on the Eocky Mountain locusts, in Otter 

 Tail County, Minnesota, in 1889,* is of especial interest. 



As we have long ago shown in our Reports on the Insects of Mis- 

 souri, and in the Reports of the U. S. Entomological Commission, plow- 



* Bulletin No. 8, University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 



