HISTORY OF EUROPE: 
‘destroy it, was condemned to ten 
years imprisonment; and general 
Mack received sentence of deaih by 
the unanimous verdict of his judges. 
But the emperor remitted the capi- 
tal part of his punishment, and 
softened the severity of many of the 
other sentences. 
While these wholesome examples 
of rigour were given, some reforms 
of importance were made in the 
constitution of the Austrian army 
under the direction and authority of 
the archduke Charles; but, whe- 
ther these were sufficient to correct 
the manifold evils of the military 
system, to which the government of 
Vienna has been too long wedded, 
time, and experience of their effects 
have not yet enabled us to decide. 
The king of Sweden, who had hi- 
therto waged against France a 
harmless war of official notes and 
virulent proclamations, began about 
the close of the present year, to 
exchange real blows with his adver- 
sary: A body of Swedish troops, 
who had been stationed in Lauen- 
burg, were made prisoners at Trave- 
munde, as they were endeavouring 
to make their escape to Sweden by 
sea ; and towards the end of De- 
cember marshal Mortier advanced 
with a small army to the frontiers 
of Pemerania, in order to form the 
siege of Stralsund, and drive the 
Swedes from the Isle of Rugen. An 
attempt had been previously made 
by the French emperor to open a 
Separate negotiation for peace with 
the king of Sweden, for whose cha. 
racter he expressed the highest 
esteem and consideration; but his 
profiers were rejected with disdain 
by that high spirited monarch, and 
the Swedish envoy at Hamburg, who 
gtg 
had listened to the overtures of hig 
emissary, was severely reprimanded. 
for giving ear to them. 
Denmark persevered daring -the’ 
present year, in the maintenance of 
that pacific system, which was most’ 
suitable to the smallness of her 
means, and best adapted to secure 
the happiness of her people; and’ 
in consequence of the interruption 
of trade in the North of Germany, 
occasioned by the progress of the 
war, and the decrees of the French, 
she thereby greatly improved her 
commerce and navigation, and trans- 
ferred to herself a great part of that 
trade, which used formerly to be 
carried on under Prussian colours’ 
and through Prussian ports, On’ 
the dissolutien of the Germanic 
constitution, the king of Denmark’ 
formally aunexed Holstein to his 
other dominions, as an integral part 
of the Danish monarchy, and de. 
clared it to be for ever separated 
from the Germanic empire, and to 
owe no allegiance but to himself *, 
Holland was this year dobmed 
to experience a revolution more 
singular than unexpected. With 
that restlessness of character which 
must ever be at work, and that - 
proneness to regulation and love’ 
of uniformity, which the habits of a 
military life naturally inspire, Bo. 
naparte had no sooner abolished the 
name of republicin France, than he 
sought to extinguish that appella- 
tion in the rest of Europe. The 
Cisalpine republic was transformed 
into the kingdom Italy ; the Lign- 
rian was absorbed into the great 
empire ; the free cities of Germany 
were made over to the vassal kings, 
who approach the foot, or decorate 
the steps of his throne; and such 
* Declaration of his Danish majesty, Sept. 9th, 
Bre 
; Was 
