624 



EST) EX. 



Migration of birds, 119, note. 



Mines, adits of, 391, note; excavations 

 for, 604; deptb of, greatest, 606, 7iote; 

 fires in, 607. 



Mining, effects of, 604; hydraulic, 606; 

 practiced by ancients, 606. 



Mint, British, value of its sweepings, 36, 

 note. 



Miramichi, great flre of, 37, note. 



Mississippi, alleged increase in volume 

 of, 225, note; discharge of, 457, 501, 

 note; delta of, 485, note; great flood 

 of, in 1881-2, 493, note; levees of, 494; 

 cut-offs and their effects, 497; sedi- 

 ment of, 503, note; 523, note; precipi- 

 tation in the valley of, 502, note. 



Mistral, noticed by Diodorus Siculus, 

 163, note. 



Moisture, effect on the stability of large 

 masses of earth, 280. 



Monasteries, evil effects of, 5, note. 



Monte Testaccio, 614. 



Moose deer, the American, rapid multi- 

 plication of, 871, note. 



Morgan, L. H., on the American beaver, 

 83, note. 



Mosses and fungi, uses of, 239, note. 



Mountains as reservoirs of water, 213. 



Mountain slides, their cause, 377; caused 

 by deticieney and excess of moisture, 

 280 ; woods as protection against, 383. 



Mt. Cenis tunnel, excavations for, 391, 

 note; gunpowder used in, 395, note. 



Mud-banks, floating, 507, note. 



Mushrooms, poisonous, how rendered 

 harmless, 286, note. 



NATURAL Bridge in Virginia, disap- 

 pearance of river at, 458, note. 



Natural forces, accumulation of, 42 ; re- 

 sistance to, 609. 



Nature, its action on man, 6 ; man's re- 

 action on, 8 ; observation .of, 11 ; geo- 

 graphical stability of, 26-31 ; restora- 

 tion of disturbed harmonies of, 47 ; 

 nothing insignificant in, 616. 



Netherlands, ancient inundations of, 393 ; 

 recovery of land by diking in, 393 ; 

 extent of land gained from sea, 395 ; 

 lost by incursion of sea, 397 ; charac- 

 ter of land gained by, 898 ; natural 

 process of recovery, 398-400 ; method 

 of construction of dikes, 400 et seq. ; 

 modes of protection of coasts in, 401 , 

 note; effect of diking on the level of 

 the land, 403; drainage, 410; effects 

 on social, moral, and economic inter- 

 ests of the people, 411 ; coast improve- 

 ments in, 523 ; sand-dunes of, 558 ; 

 encroachments of the sea on, 559 ; ar- 

 tificial dunes in, 567 ; removal of dunes 

 in, 563, 574. 



New school of geographers, 7. 



Nightingale, Florence, on fevers, 452, 

 note. 



Nile, its ancient state, 438, 439, 498 ; in- 

 filtration of water of, 460, 461, note; 



artificial mouths of, 483 ; inundation« 

 of, 498; embankments of, 499; mud- 

 banks caused by its deposits, 499 et seq. 

 discharge of, 501, note; sediment oi, 

 499, note; 501, ?ioti ; 503, note; sand- 

 dunes at its mouth, 542 ; proposed 

 diversion of, 596 ; effects of, 597 et seq. ; 

 ceramic banks of, 615. 



Nolla torrent, 257. 



Norway, exports lumber to India, 296, 

 note. 



Numbers, misleading effects of too defi- 

 nite statement of, 375, note. 



Nutmeg transported by birds, 110, note. 



OAK, the English, early uses in the 

 arts, 303, note; openings in North 

 America, 336, note; in Finland, 354, 

 note. 



Observation, power of, cultivated, 11-13. 



Ohio, mounds of, 17 ; remains of a primi- 

 tive people in, 353, note. 



Oils, importance of, in modem com- 

 merce, 63. 



Old World, physical decay of, 3; former 

 populousness of, 3 ; present desolation 

 of, 3: its causes, 4; ancient climate 

 of, 14 ; physical restoration of, 47 et 

 seq. 



Olive tree, the wild, 59, note; importance 

 of, 330, note; cultivation of, in Italy, 

 830, note. 



Orange, when first known in Europe, 64. 



Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, 137. 



Organic life embraced in modern geog- 

 raphy, 55 et seq. ; its geological agency, 

 78 et seq. ; geographical importance of, 

 81. 



Organisms, minute, importance of, 139- 

 142. 



Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, 

 133. 



Ottaquechee River, Vermont, transport- 

 ing power of, 368. 



Otter, the American, voracity of, 104. 



Oyster, the, transplantation of, 97 ; dan- 

 ger of the extirpation of, 98, note. 



PALESTINE, ancient terrace culture, 

 and irrigation of, 435 ; disastrous 

 effects of its neglect, 486. 



Palissy on artiticial springs, 469 et seq. 



Paragrandini, of Lombardy, 153. 



Paramelle, the Abb6 of, on fountains, 

 459. 



Paulo wnia, rapid growth of, 384, note. 



Peat, unknown as fuel to Greeks, Ro- 

 mans, and High -German tribes, 29, 

 note; used anciently by Low -German 

 tribes, 39, note; rapid growth of, 408, 

 note. 



Peat mosses of North Sjaelland, fossil 

 wood in, 30, note, et seq. 



Pecora, river of the Maremma, its de 

 posits, 510, note. 



Penguin, destruction of, 123, note. 



