rNDEX. 



625 



Peru, ancient progress In the arte, 434, 



note ; basins of reception in, 4SL 

 Petra, water at, 451, note. 

 Petroleum, quantity of, 62, 816; ascent 



of, in artesian wells, 463, rwte. 



Phosphorescence of the sea, not noticed 

 by ancients, 103. 



Phylloxera, the American vine with- 

 stands the eflects of, 69, note. 



Physical decay of the earth's surface, 2 

 et seq. ; its causes, 4 ; forms and for- 

 mations predisposing to, 30 ; arrest of, 

 in new countries, 43. 



Physical geography, study of, recom- 

 mended, 12 ; effect of the introduction 

 of niatbematical method into, 13, note. 



Physical improvements, important, chap- 

 ter on, 584-616. 



Physical restoration of disturbed har- 

 monies, 31 ; of the earth, 43 et seq. ; of 

 the Old World, 43. 



Pigeon-roost, in Michigan, 111. 



Pine, the American, former ordinary 

 dimensions of, 321 ; the white, rapidity 

 of its growth, 331, note; umbrella, the 

 most elegant of trees, 337; the mari- 

 time, on dune sands in France, 337, 571, 

 581 ; the pitch, 351, note; how afTected 

 by accidents of its growth, 359. 



Pinus cembra of Switzerland, 337. 



Pisciculture, its valuable i-esults, 97. See 

 Msh. 



Plants, cultivated, uncertain identity of 

 ancient and modern, 18; changes of 

 habits of, by domestication, 20 ; geo- 

 graphical influences of, 55 ; domestic, 

 origin of, 57, 58 ; modes of introduc- 

 tion of, 64 ; accidental introduction of, 

 66, 67 ; how afl'ected by transfer, 67 ; 

 tenacity of life in wild species, 70 ; 

 power of accommodation of, 68 ; for- 

 eign, grown in United States, 69; 

 American, grown in Europe, 69, 74; 

 extirpation of, 75 ; wild Araericac, ex- 

 tirpiition of, 77, 7iote. 



Po, sediment of, 369-276; floods of, in 

 1873, 371, note; valley of, 375, note; 

 embankments of, 490 et seq. ; geograph- 

 ical character of, 490, note; inunda- 

 tions of, 493, note; discharge of, 501, note. 



Ponds, objections to draining, in Catholic 

 countries, 511, note. 



Pools of Solomon, vipers about, 125, note. 



Poppy, its disappearance and reproduc- 

 tion, 288, note. 



Powder, consumption and uses of, 394, 

 note. 



Prairies, character and origin of, 378, 

 note; artificial forests in, 379. 



Precipitation, absorption of, by earth, 

 20, 213, note ; in the United States, 314, 

 note; in Lombardy, 441, note; extraor- 

 dinary, at Genoa in October, 1872, 271, 

 note; how affected by the great Ameri- 

 can lakes, 443, note; how much loss 

 by evaporation, 457 ; plans for econo- 

 mizing, 471. 



QUADRUPEDS, domestic, origin and 

 transfer of, 85, 86 ; domeatic, num- 

 ber of, in the United States, 80 ; wild, 

 number of, in the United States, 88, 

 89 ; extirpation of, 89-94. 

 Quarries, extent of, 891, note. 

 Quebec, hi^h tides at, 349, note; Itimber 

 trade of, 349, note. 



RABBIT, injurious in Australia, 87, 

 note; skins of, 93. 



Railways, scientific uses of, 52, notOt 

 consumption of timber by, 345. 



Rain, summer, how far lost by evapora- 

 tion, 213. 



Rainfall, varies at different elevations, 

 33, note, et seq. ; 193, note ; irregularity 

 of, 271, note. 



Rain-water, supply of, near London, 

 377, note; its absorption and infiltra- 

 tion, 460 ; economizing its precipita- 

 tion, 471; Amsterdam supplied with, 

 543, note. 



Rattlesnake, enemies of, 134, note. 



Ravenna, cathedral of, 61, note. 



Red Hood, the California, 363, note. 



Red Sea, richness in organic life, 95 ; 

 diversion of the Nile to, its effect, 596. 



Reptiles, utility and destruction of, 123. 



Reservoirs, natural subterranean, 459 ; 

 as remedies against inundations, 477, 

 478 ; natural, 479. 



Reveutlov's organization of dune econo- 

 my in Denmark, 570. 



Revolution, French, influence of, on 

 woods, 343. 



Rewooding of mountains and rocky soil, 

 148, note ; 309, note. 



Rhine, discharge of, in flood, 233, note, 

 413, 7iote ; ordinary discharge of, 501, 

 note; sediment of, 533; diversion of, 

 599. 



Rhone, geological agency of, 431, note; 

 discbarge of, 501, note. 



Rice, cultivation of, unhealthy, 453: 

 Climatic limits of, 453, note; introduced 

 into Europe by Moors, 453, note. 



Risler, on evaporation, 187, 214, note. 



Ritter's opinion on Egypt erroneous, 

 440, note. 



River beds, natural change of, 482; arti- 

 ficial change of, 483 ; in Egypt, 483 ; 

 in Italy, 483 ; in Switzerland, 483. 



River deposits, 488 ; of the Po, 373, 490, 

 note; of the Nile, 507, note; of the 

 Tuscan rivers, 507. 



River embankments, 485 ; their effects, 

 486. 



River mouths, obstructions of, 505 ; ac- 

 celerated by man's influence, 505 ; effect 

 of tidal movements, 506. 



Rivers, fertilizing slime of, 239, n^te; es- 

 timated delivery of, 252, note; origin 

 of, 261, 488, note; transporting power 

 of, 206 et seq. ; sediment of, its extent, 

 268 ; injury to their banks by lumber- 

 men, 3^3 ; underground and submarine. 



