626 



rNDEX. 



458, note; Intercommunication of, 482, 

 note; diversion of water from, effects 

 of, ^2, note ; effect of obstructions in, 

 489, note ; confluence of, effect on the 

 current below, 489, note; great pro- 

 posed diversion of, 597 el seq. 



Robin, the American, voracity of, 113, 

 note. 



Rock, generally permeable by water, 277, 

 note; cuttings in England, 393, note; 

 soil beneath, 603 ; covering with earth, 

 603. 



RoUeston's interpretation of Caesar, 800, 

 9ioie. 



Roman campagna, insalubrity of, 432, 

 note. 



Roman Empire, physical advantages of 

 its territory, 1 ; physical decay of its 

 territory, 2-4; causes of this decay, 

 5, 6. 



Roman landmarks, 49, note. 



Romans and Greeks, great material 

 works of, 413 ; contempt for artisans 

 and engineers, 413. 



Rome, commerce of, passive, 63, note; 

 objects of, 63, note; insalubrity of, 156, 

 note. 



Roots of trees, influence of, on drainage, 

 303, note; 337. 



Rozet's plan for diminishing inunda- 

 tions, 495. 



Rubbish heaps in Egypt, 615 ; of Monte 

 Testaccio, 614. 



Rude tribes, continuity of arts among, 

 16; commerce of, 17; relations to or- 

 ganic life and nature, 38, note. 



Russia, diminution of forests in, 316 ; 

 diminution of forests in, effect of, oa 

 rivers and lakes, 316, note; attempts 

 to reclaim the sands, 583, note. 



SACRAMENTO City, effect of river 

 dike at, 493, note. 



Sahara, Liirgeau's views concerning, 150, 

 note ; dunes of, 541, note; project to 

 flood, 593, note. 



St. Gothard tunnel, 391, jiote. 



St. Helena, flora of, 65; destruction of 

 its forests, 371, note. 



Salmon, of Europe, United States, and 

 Norway, 106. 



Salt, waste of, 36, note; 605, note ; possi- 

 bility of washing out from land, 433, 

 «ote; subsidences caused by removal 

 of, 605, note. 



Sand, chapter on, 545-580 ; quartz grains 

 most abundant in, 545 ; of desert, gen- 

 erally derived from upheaval of sea- 

 bottom, 526 ; how formed at present, 

 526; generally of ancient formation, 

 527 ; of coast of France and Denmark, 

 547, note; 530, note; how carried to 

 the sea, 528; of Sinaitic Peninsula, 

 528, note; of Northern Africa, 529; of 

 Egypt, 531 ; drifting movement of, 

 532, note; polishing action of, 533, 

 note; storms, exaggerations respecting. 



533 ; dunes and sand-plains, 536 ; 

 plains, inland, 578; of Belgium, 582 

 of Eastern Europe, 582. 



Sandal -wood, extirpation of, in Juan 

 Fernindez, 371, note. 



Sand-bauks, structure of, 544; marine, 

 543. 



Sand-springs, 580. 



Sandstone of Arabia Petraea, 536, note; 

 originating in dunes, 551, note. 



Sansa, or pulp of the olive, 35, note. 



Sap of maple and birch, 181. 



Saros, projected canal of, 590. 



Savage tribes, arts of, 16 ; commerce of, 

 18 ; interfere little with nature, 38, 

 note; first domesticate wild animals, 

 38, note; sympathy of, with animals, 

 38, note. 



Savena, lake of, 279, note. 



Sawmills, whether action of their ma- 

 chinery more rapid by night, 355, note. 



Schelk, the extirpation of, 91. 



Schleiden, on exhalation of aqueous 

 vapor by trees, 184. 



Schleswig-Holstein, encroachments of 

 sea on, 562. 



Scotland, real property in, 304, note. 



Sea, exclusion of, by dikes in Lincoln- 

 shire, 392 ; encroachments of, 559 et 

 seq. ; the Liimfjord, 560 ; in Schleswig- 

 Holstein, Holland, and France, 563. 



Sea-cow, Steller's extirpation of, 103. 



Seal, found far from sea, 97 ; voracity of, 

 104. 



Sediment, river, geological importance 

 of, 388, note. 



Seeds, transportation of, by birds, 109; 

 vitality of, 285-388. 



Seine, ancient uniformity of volume o^ 

 231, note ; ordinary and flood discharge 

 of, 231, note ; afiBuents of, 456, nate , 

 supply and discharge of, 457, nx>te. 



Serpents, multiplication of, in France, 

 135, note; human lives desti'oyed by, 

 in India, 125, note. 



Shark, fishery of, 103, note. 



Shelter afforded by forests, 158-164. 



Shipbuilding of the middle ages, 311. 



Siberia, ice ravines in, 172. 



Sicily, sulphur mines of, 77, note; olive 

 oU, crop of, 330, note. 



Siemoni, on action of woods on springs, 

 221. 



Silicious slime, polishing action of, 533, 

 note. 



Silkworm, new, introduction into Amer- 

 ica, 134. 



Silphium, extirpation of, 75, note. 



Sinai, Mount, rain torrents at, 462, note; 

 production of sand in peninsula of, 538, 

 note; garden of monastery at, 604. 



Slides, mountain, 277-283. 



Slime, river, fertilizing qualities of, 239 ; 

 silicious, polishing action of, 533, note. 



Smith, Baird, on irrigation, 445, note; 

 448, note. 



Snakes, destructive to insects, 124; te- 



