INDEX. 



621 



nacity of species, 124 ; number of, 125, 

 note ; human victims of, 125, note. 



Snow in the woods in winter, 205, 212, 

 213 ; and ice, condensation of moisture 

 bv, 206 et seq. ; crust of, how formed, 

 267, note; thaws the grround beneath 

 it, 209; plauta grow under, 209, note; 

 temperature of, 209, note; qnautity of, 

 in woods, 210; and ice, accumulation 

 of, in mountains, 213, note. 



Soil, secular desiccation of, 19, note; 

 new, favorable to prowth, 20, nxite ; 

 amount of thermoscopic action on 

 various, 165 ; mecbauical effect of 

 shaking, in Netherlands, 403, note; 

 effect of frost on, in United States, 403, 

 no*e. 



Solar heat, utilization of, 45, note; action 

 of, on stone, 531, note. 



Sound, transmissibility of. 158, note. 



Spain, neglect of forest culture in, 297. 



Springs, hot, 468, note; artificial, 469. 



Squirrel, destructiveness of, in forests, 

 83, note. 



Starling, babits of, in Piedmont, 124, 

 note. 



Stone implements, modern use of, 16. 



Stones, rising of, in fields, 403, note. 



Stork, anecdote of a, 112, note; geo- 

 graphical range of, 117, note. 



Subterranean waters, their origin, 454 ; 

 of the Karst, 455, note; of Greece, 455, 

 note; sources of supply, 457; reser- 

 voirs and currents of, 459 ; diffusion 

 of, in soil, 460. 



Suez Canal, effect of, on the Mediter- 

 ranean and Ked Sea, 95 ; excavations 

 for, 391, note; effect on the rainfall, 

 448, note; danger from sand-drifts, 

 534, note. 



Sugar-cane, introduction of, into Europe 

 and America, 74, note. 



Sugar-maple tree, produce of, 181. 



Sunflower, effect of plantation of, 155. 



Swallow, popular superstition respect- 

 ing, 514, note. 



Sweepings, valuable, 36, note. 



Switzerland, ancient lacustrine habita- 

 tions, 15, 75 ; floating of timber in, 854 

 et seq. 



Sylt Island, sand-dunes of, 542 ; en- 

 croachment of the sea upon, 542. 



Sylviculture, best manuals of practice of, 

 3o8, note; its methods. f!61 ; the taiilis 

 treatment, 361 ; the futaie treatment, 

 864 ; beneticiai effects of irrigation in, 

 866 ; removal of leaves in, 368 ; exclu- 

 sion of animals, 371, note. 



TAGUATAGA Lake, Chili, draining of, 

 418, note. 

 Telegraph averts the evil consequences 



of floods, 475, note. 

 Temperature, how affected by elevation, 



51, note. 

 Teredo, the general diffasion of, 186. 



Termite, or white ant, ravages of, 136. 



Threshing machines, saving by, 36, note. 



Tiber, subterranean reservoirs in valley 

 of, 459. 



Tick, wood, disappearance of, in North- 

 eastern States, 132, note. 



Timber, export;ition of, from Norway 

 and Sweden, 297, note; increased de- 

 mand for, 345 ; floating of, 354 et seq. ; 

 of natural growth, inferiority of, 3.59. 



Torrents, destructive action of, 240 ; in 

 Southeastern France, 241-2.50 ; de- 

 posits of, in beds of rivers, 232, note ; 

 in the Himalayas, 256, 7wte; excava- 

 tions by, 256; action of, in elevating 

 the bed of streams, 2.58 ; of the Nant- 

 zenthal, 260 ; of the Litznertlial, 260 ; 

 whether origin of rivers, 261 ; extin- 

 guished, 261 ; crushing force of, 263- 

 267 ; danger of, in the D nited States, 

 819. 



Towns, meteorological effects of, 473, 

 note. 



Toys, children's, consumption of wood 

 for, 347, note. 



Transportation, facilities of, effect of, on 

 commerce, 63, note. 



Trees, forest, succession of species in, 

 20, note, et seq. ; how far injured by 

 small animals, 82, note; 371, 7wte ; im- 

 provement of, by cultivation, 58, note; 

 decayed, or wind-fallen, 169; ever- 

 green, power of resisting frost, 172, 

 7iote; how far they interrupt precipita- 

 tion, 169, 178, note; absorption of 

 vapor by, 183 ; absorption of moisture 

 from the earth by, 183 ; exhalation of 

 moisture by, 185 ; drainage of soil by 

 roots of, 200; evergreen, alleged desic- 

 cate ry action of, 203, 204, note; names 

 of, vaguelj' applied, 299, note; rapid 

 growth of, in Italy, 310 ; forest, Amer- 

 ican, 321-324; their dimensions, 322; 

 change in relative proportion of height 

 and diameter, 322 ; comparative lon- 

 gevity of, 324, note; American com- 

 pared with European, 325-332 ; de- 

 struction of evergreen, for decorative 

 purposes, 347, note; hill plantations of, 

 368 ; powers of resisting action of fire, 

 373, note; planting of, on sea-coast, 

 377. 



Trieste, proposed supply of water to, 455, 

 note. 



Trout, the American, 96, 106, 107, note. 



Tubes, oil conveyed great distances in, 

 315, note. 



Tunnel of Mt. Cenis, statistics of, 391, 

 note ; 395, note; of Lake Copais, 413. 



Turtles' eggs, destruction of, 106, note. 



Tuscany, rivers of, their deposits, 507; 

 physical restoration in, 509 ; improve- 

 ments in the Maremma, 510 ; Val di 

 Chiana, 514. 



Tyrolese rivers, elevation of, their beds 

 258, note. 



