12 Dustos—On Pithecanthropus erectus , 
direct inspection of the skull, is its excessive size in comparison with that of the 
skulls of all the Anthropoid Apes, the smallness of the braincase in comparison with 
that of a Man. The largest skulls of Anthropoid Apes have no larger mean capacity 
than about 500 c.em.; and only very seldom skulls have been measured of 
Gorilla, the capacity of which attained 600c.cm. The difference then in the 
size of this fossil skull-cap with that of Anthropoid Apes is very important. 
In normal human skulls, however, the length and breadth and the capacity 
have been found exactly corresponding with, or even smaller than, in the Java 
cranium. Crania with a capacity of about 1000 c.cm. are not rare in Australians, 
Andamanese, and Weddahs. Sir William Turner found the average capacity of 
twelve Australian women only about 100¢.cm. higher. Three of these measured 
even less than 1000c.cm. Sir William Flower measured a Weddah and an 
Andamanese skull (both feminine) with capacities of about 1000 c.cm. The 
cousins Sarasin found the average capacity of Weddah skulls little above 1100c.cm. ; 
the feminine minimum little above 1000 c.em. It is known, however, that the 
internal capacity of the skull is doubtless dependent on the size of the body, and 
these small capacities seem always to be in connection with a smail body. The 
Andamanese and Weddahs are very small. The Drs. Sarasin give as average 
height of the body of Weddah women only 143 em. That of the Andamanese will, 
as I believe, according to the height of eighteen men I have seen of that race, 
surely not be greater. Granting that the femur of Trinil belongs to the skull, 
the height of the body of this individual must be estimated, according to human 
proportions, 165 to 170cm. We find, then, the skull for a human being to have 
so low a capacity as cannot exist even as a physiological minimum. Assuming, 
then, the skull does belong to the femur, the Trinil individual, if a human being, 
ought to have been a microcephalic idiot, a most extraordinary case. Under many 
millions of men not one is born a microcephalic idiot. It would then have been a 
likewise extraordinary and most improbable accident if, at Trinil, I had found just 
such an idiot. Therefore it is far more probable, assuming the femur to belong 
to the skull, that we are not dealing with a human cranium. 
The Trinil cranium, through its form and size, very much approaches the type 
of Anthropoid Apes; this everybody, who inspects the specimen, will immediately 
observe. The size, too small for a normal human skull, the smallness of the arch 
of the vertex, and the low receding forehead, the ¢orus occipitalis, and especially 
the strong projection of the orbital parts of the frontal bone, are all simian 
features. Again, the superior occipital ridge seems to unite with the posterior 
part of the temporal ridge, and to form a marked swelling, a feature which, as a 
rule, is seen in all full-grown Apes, but never in human, not even in microcephalic 
skulis. 
Professor Cunningham, Sir William Turner, and others, have compared the 
